Recently, kisspeptin (KP) and gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH), two counteracting neuropeptides, have been acknowledged as significant regulators of reproductive function. KP stimulates reproduction while GnIH inhibits it. These two neuropeptides seem to be pivotal for the modulation of reproductive activity in response to internal and external cues. It is well-documented that the current...

Immunological challenge experienced in early life can have long-term programming effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that permanently influence the stress response. Similarly, neonatal exposure to immunological stress enhances stress-induced suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis in adulthood, but may also affect earlier development, including the timing of ...

Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are eukaryotic transmembrane proteins found in all living organisms. Their versatility and roles in several physiological processes make them the single largest family of drug targets. Comparative genomic studies using various model organisms have provided useful information about target receptors. The similarity of the ge...

Kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the G protein-coupled receptor KISS1R, comprise a family of related peptides derived from the proteolytic processing of a common precursor encoded by the KISS1 gene. Among those, Kisspeptin-10 (Kp-10) contains the basic residues to retain full functional activity and exhibits higher receptor affinity and biopotency than longer forms of the peptide. Although k...

Metabolic disorders are often associated with male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, suggesting that hypothalamic defects involving GnRH neurons may impair the reproductive function. Among metabolic factors hyperglycemia has been implicated in the control of the reproductive axis at central level, both in humans and in animal models. To date, little is known about the direct effects of pathologica...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Leptin, a key hormone in energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine function, has a permissive role in initiating puberty and is crucial in the pathogenesis of reproductive dysfunction in several disease states of energy imbalance. KiSS1 neurons have recently been suggested to mediate leptin's effect on the reproductive system. New insights from recent animal studies and clinical t...

To explore the possible mechanism of KiSS1 in control GnRH secretion participate in sexual development onset and normal reproduction regulation by investigate the changes of expression of KiSS1, GnRH in hypothalamus and LH, FSH, E2 in serum,by using RNA interference Mediated with Lentivirus-based Vectors, after Interfering expression of KiSS1. Constructed the eukaryotic expression plasmid of ra...

Kisspeptins are peptide products of the KiSS-1 metastasis-suppressor (KISS1) gene and the natural ligands of the G-protein– coupled receptor GPR54. KISS1 was initially investigated as an antimetastasis gene. More recent studies have demonstrated that the kisspeptins are potent stimulators of the hypothalamo-pituitarygonadal axis. Mice and humans with defective kisspeptin signaling show hypogona...