12 The stochastic skeleton model is a simpli ed model for the Madden-Julian oscil13 lation (MJO) and intraseasonal-planetary variability in general involving coupling of 14 planetary-scale dry dynamics, moisture, and a stochastic parametrization for the unre15 solved details of synoptic-scale activity. The model captures the fundamental features 16 of the MJO such as the intermittent growth and...

The climate system is, apart from anthropogenic forcing and other external perturbations, in a thermodynamically nonequilibrium steady-state. A major difference between fluctuations in nonequilibrium and equilibrium steady-states is that noneqilibrium steady-states violate time reversal symmetry. One manifestation is the presence of persistent probability currents, which form closed loops. In t...

Over the global tropics, the Madden-Julian Oscillation (Madden and Julian 1994, MJO) explains a significant amount of the variability in circulation and convection on intraseasonal time scales. However, significant variation exists in the spatial extent and seasonal occurrence of the MJO. While the upper-level divergent flow associated with MJO is often traced around the globe, the low-level wi...

The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) influences tropical cyclone formation around the globe. Convectively coupled Kelvin waves are often embedded within the MJO, but their role in tropical cyclogenesis remains uncertain. This case study identifies the influences of the MJO and a series of Kelvin waves on the formation of two tropical cyclones. Typhoons Rammasun and Chataan developed in the weste...

[1] The vertical distribution of radiative heating affects the moist static energy budget and potentially the maintenance and propagation of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO). This paper usesCloudSat data to examine the radiative heating climatology in the tropics and the vertical structure of its modulation by the MJO and convectively coupled Kelvin Waves (KWs). Composites of active regions ...

The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is the dominant mode of variability in the tropical atmosphere on intraseasonal time scales and planetary spatial scales. Despite the primary importance of the MJO and the decades of research progress since its original discovery, a generally accepted theory for its essential mechanisms has remained elusive. In recent work by two of the authors, a minimal dyn...

13 The Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) was shown to a ect both present-day Sudden Strato14 spheric Warming (SSW) events in the Arctic, and their future frequency under global 15 warming scenarios, with implications to the Arctic Oscillation and mid-latitude extreme 16 weather. This work uses a dry dynamic core model to understand the dependence of SSW 17 frequency on the amplitude and longitudi...

We propose simplified metrics to evaluate the fidelity with which the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is simulated in climate models. These metrics are based on lag correlation analysis of principal component time series (PCs). The PCs are obtained by projecting simulated 20–100 day bandpass filtered daily outgoing longwave radiation onto the two leading empirical orthogonal functions of observ...

Background: Midkine (MK) is a heparin-binding growth factor with promoting effects in inflammatory responses through enhancing leukocytes migration. Objective: To study the correlation between MK serum levels and concentration of inflammatory cytokines in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients. Methods: We evaluated the MK level and its relationship with inflammatory cytokines (IL-17 and IL-23) and a...