flow river forecasting plays an important role in designing, management, and utilization of water resources. the main object of the research is to study the possibility of forecasting and monitoring the northern karon rivers (armand and bazfat) discharge by using modern simulation methods. in this research, armand and bazoft discharge variations was investigated. in this regard, monthly data of...

Statistical downscaling methods seek to model the relationship between large scale atmospheric circulation, on say a European scale, and climatic variables, such as temperature and precipitation, on a regional or subregional scale. Downscaling is an important area of research as it bridges the gap between predictions of future circulation generated by General Circulation Models (GCMs) and the e...

Large-scale variations in the obliquity of the planet Mars are produced by a coupling between the motion of its orbit plane due to the gravitational perturbations of the other planets and the precession of its spin axis which results from the solar torque exerted on the equatorial bulge of the planet. The obliquity oscillates on a time scale of approximately 1.2 x 10(5) years. The amplitude of ...

Biomass conversion factors (BCFs, defined as the ratios of tree components (i.e. stem, branch, foliage and root), as well as aboveground and whole biomass of trees to growing stock volume, Mg m-3) are considered as important parameters in large-scale forest biomass carbon estimation. To date, knowledge of possible sources of the variation in BCFs is still limited at large scales. Using our comp...

nowadays, soil reinforcement using polymer elements have been investigated by a number of researchers in order to increase the load capacity of soils. reinforcing soils using fibers is a method of soil improvement, which offers a homogenous mixture in combination with soils, regarding their tensile strength. this combination maintains pressure loading capacity and properties in mutual resistant...

Significant changes in population and cultivation of farmland in Western U.S. over the past 200 years has required the use of extensive irrigation to sustain crop growth in the region. This irrigation has altered the land surface processes in the region and subsequently the local climates by increasing soil moisture levels higher than they naturally would be if no irrigation had taken place. An...

Sexual signals used in intraspecific communication are expected to evolve to maximize efficacy under a given climatic condition. Thus, chemical secretions of lizards might evolve in the evolutionary time to ensure that signals are perfectly tuned to local humidity and temperature conditions affecting their volatility and therefore their persistence and transmission through the environment. We t...

More than 200 000 ring-width measurements from 384 trees were obtained for 20 individual sites ranging from the lower to upper local timber-lines in the Northwest Karakorum of Pakistan and the Southern Tien Shan of Kirghizia. Samples were obtained predominantly from juniper species (Juniperus) and were analysed to reconstruct regional climatic variation patterns in Western Central Asia since ad...

Reconstructing climate from lake sediments can be challenging, because the response of lakes and various components of lake systems are mediated by non-climatic factors, such as geomorphic and hydrologic stetting. As a result, the magnitude of lake response to climatic forcing may be non-linear. In addition, changes in the lake system associated with the aging process or non-climatic influences...