BACKGROUND Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) incorporated into toner formulations of printing equipment become airborne during consumer use. Although information on the complex physicochemical and toxicological properties of both toner powders and printer-emitted particles (PEPs) continues to grow, most toxicological studies have not used the actual PEPs but rather have primarily used raw toner p...

Live-cell correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) offers unique insights into the ultrastructure of dynamic cellular processes. A critical and technically challenging part of CLEM is the 3-dimensional relocation of the intracellular region of interest during sample processing. We have developed a simple CLEM procedure that uses toner particles from a laser printer as orientation marks....

In the treatment of diseases using medical bone scaffolds, it is necessary to design a customized scaffold according type individual damage restore normal function based on information each patient. addition, should serve promote regeneration damaged in Compared rigid scaffold, patterned inserted into living body promotes formation more effectively. Therefore, metal 3D printer, important incorp...

background: this study describes the possibility of implementing three-dimensional printing technology to create a precise construction of a planned bolus, based on computed tomography information stored in the digital imaging and communications in medicine (dicom) format file. materials and methods:  to create the bolus with a 3d printer, we converted data in the dicom format to the stereolith...

In modern society, printers are widely used in the office environment. This study investigated particle number and PM2.5 emissions from printers using the TSI SMPS, TSI CPC 3022, and 3025A TSI P-Trak and DustTrak. The monitoring of particle characteristics in a large open-plan office showed that particles generated by printers can significantly (p = 0.01) affect the submicrometer particle numbe...

There are a number of applications in which it is desirable to be able to identify the technology, manufacturer, model, or even specific unit that was used to print a given document. Also, it may be desirable to embed additional information in the printed document, such as the date and time that it was printed. In previous work with laser electrophotographic printers , we developed strategies t...

This paper presents a two-dimensional Wiener model in spatial domain for a class of laser electrophotographic printers, and embeds it into a framework of model-based digital halftoning. The Wiener model comprises an FIR filter followed by a nonlinear static mapping. The nonlinear static mapping is synthesized using a fuzzy system to maximize its capability to approximate nonlinearity of high de...

Multispectral printer characterization requires an effective model to map the inputs to the printer (i.e., the digital counts of the inks) into reflectance spectra and vice versa. Most of the methods for printer modeling are based on the color mixing model of Neugebauer, but this model, in its original formulation, is a rather poor predictor of the printer's output, since it fails to take into ...