Axillary artery is one of the most important arteries of the upper limb, which is a continua- tion of the subclavian artery. It begins at the lateral border of the first rib and ends at the inferior border of the teres major where it becomes the brachial artery. Axillary artery has six important branches included: 1) Superior thoracic artery 2) Thoracoacromial artery 3) Lateral thoracic artery ...

BACKGROUND The surgical treatment of occipital headaches focuses on the greater, lesser, and third occipital nerves. The lesser occipital nerve (LON) is usually transected with relatively limited available information regarding the compression topography thereof and how such knowledge may impact surgical treatment. METHODS Eight fresh frozen cadavers were dissected focusing on the LON in rela...

The Mauthner (M-) cell of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, triggers the rapid escape response of the fish in response to various stimuli, including visual and auditory. The large size and accessibility of the M-cell make it an ideal model system for the study of synaptic transmission, membrane properties, and sensory-motor gating. Although physiological recordings have suggested that afferents ...

Sural nerve supplies skin on the lower lateral part of the back of the leg, the lateral margin and adjoining part of dorsum of the foot and the lateral side of the little toe. The sural nerve is the branch of tibial nerve and it arises in the middle of the popliteal fossa. The present study aims to determine the pattern of the cutaneous distributions of sural nerve of the dorsum of the foot. Su...

BACKGROUND A great number of studies have reported on the temporal branch anatomy and its relationship to the fascial layers and various fat pads of the temporal region, but no article has included information on the relationship of the temporal nerve to the retro-orbicularis oculi fat (ROOF) and/or the suborbicularis oculi fat (SOOF). OBJECTIVES The authors report the results of a series of ...

Although preservation of the sensitivity of the nipple and areola is an important goal in breast surgery, only scant and contradictory information about the course and distribution of the supplying nerves is found in the literature. The existing controversy might be due to the difficulty in dissecting the thin nerves and to frequent anatomic variations that bias the results if only a small numb...

MeThODS In 16 cadavers, the motor innervations of the orbicularis oculi muscle (m.OO) were studied. Multiple anastomoses between the 3 buccal branches were noticed within the medial two-thirds of the lower lid just below the arcus marginalis. They did not anastomose with the zygomatic branch, which tangentially entered the m.OO in front of the lateral canthus. Hence, the safety of m.OO undermin...