Methods of estimating the mesophyll conductance (g(m)) to the movement of CO(2) from the substomatal airspace to the site of fixation are expensive or rely upon numerous assumptions. It is proposed that, for C(3) species, measurement of the response of photosynthesis to [O(2)] at limiting [CO(2)], combined with a standard biochemical model of photosynthesis, can provide an estimate of g(m). Thi...

Heat transfer coefficient in nucleate pool boiling near critical heat flux at least one orderhigher than the convectional heat transfer modes. In this paper, an experimental setup isdesigned and fabricated to investigate the mechanism of heat transfer from boiling surface tobulk liquid near critical heat flux. The images of pool boiling near the high heat flux regionreveals that the individual ...

For the retrieval of chlorophyll concentrations or the total absorption coefficients of oceanic waters based on water color, there are algorithms that use either band ratios or spectral curvatures of remote-sensing reflectance or water leaving radiance. We show that band-ratio algorithms have the potential to be applied to a wider dynamic range of oceanic waters, whereas spectral-curvature algo...

The 2008 Human Development Report (HDR) makes a drastic but a significant departure from the previous analysis in the past reports by examining the relationship between Technology and Poverty reduction. The two channels through which Technology can affect poverty reduction are indirect, i.e. by accelerating growth impulses via productivity gains and direct, i.e. by using technology in better he...

Considering the Arctic Ocean (including sea ice) as a defined volume, we develop equations describing the time-varying fluxes of mass, heat and freshwater (FW) into, and storage of those quantities within, that volume. The seasonal cycles of fluxes and storage of mass, heat and FW are quantified and illustrated using output from a numerical model. The meanings of 'reference values' and FW fluxe...

Das Papier analysiert Schwachpunkte aktueller LMS-Architekturen und stellt als Lösungsvorschlag ein dienstebasiertes Architekturmodell für eine erweiterbare, personalisierbare LMS-Laufzeitumgebung vor. Die Architektur definiert ausschließlich Schnittstellen zur Interaktion von Komponenten des Laufzeitsystems und lässt damit Entwicklern größtmögliche Freiheiten bei der Implementierung. Ziel des ...

The flight range of migrating birds depends crucially on the amount of fuel stored by the bird prior to migration or taken up en route at stop-over sites. However, an increase in body mass is associated with an increase in energetic costs, counteracting the benefit of fuel stores. Water imbalance, occurring when water loss exceeds metabolic water production, may constitute another less well rec...

Background Birthweight is an important determinant of health across the life course. Maternal exposure to natural space has been linked to higher birthweight, but stronger evidence of a causal link is needed. We use a quasi-experimental sibling study design to investigate if change in the mother's exposure to natural space between births was related to birthweight, in urban Scotland. Methods ...

This paper studies the statistical detection of data hidden in the Least Significant Bits (LSB) plan of natural clipped images using the hypothesis testing theory. The main contributions are the following. First, this paper proposes to exploit the heteroscedastic noise model. This model, characterized by only two parameters, explicitly provides the noise variance as a function of pixel expectat...