K+ plays a catalytic role in AHL Na+ reabsorption via Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2), recycling across luminal K+ channels, so that luminal K+ is not depleted. Based on models of the ascending Henle limb (AHL) epithelium, it has been hypothesized that NH4+ may also catalyze luminal Na+ uptake. This hypothesis requires that luminal NH4+ not be depleted, implying replenishment via either direc...

Amphiphilic inducer molecules such as N-acyl-L-homoserine lactones (AHLs) or isopropyl-β-D-thio-galactopyranoside (IPTG) can be utilized for the implementation of an artificial communication system between groups of E. coli bacteria encapsulated within water-in-oil microemulsion droplets. Using spatially extended arrays of microdroplets, we study the diffusion of both AHL and IPTG from inducer-...

PURPOSE To examine the difference in distance measured by two global positioning system (GPS) units of the same model worn by the same player while performing movements common to team sports. METHODS Twenty elite Australian football players completed two trials of the straight line movement (10, 20, 40 m) at four speeds (walk, jog, stride, sprint), two trials of the changes of direction (COD)...

It was shown that although intravenous administration of bacterial endotoxin caused extensive hemorrhagic necrosis of four different syngeneic murine tumors, only two of these tumors subsequently underwent complete regression: the two that were shown to be immunogeneic as classically defined. An immunologic basis for endotoxin-induced regression was further indicated by the additional findings ...

OBJECTIVE We report a case of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection as one possible trigger for Weston Hurst syndrome (acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis), a rare disorder of microvascular injury often described as a postinfectious complication of an upper respiratory illness. METHODS This is a case of a 27-year-old man presenting with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3 and an acute head CT revealing...

Disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB) is a hallmark feature of immune-mediated neurological disorders as diverse as viral hemorrhagic fevers, cerebral malaria and acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis. Although current models hypothesize that immune cells promote vascular permeability in human disease, the role CD8 T cells play in BBB breakdown remains poorly defined. Our laboratory has dev...

Electro acupuncture has been widely used to treat demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE), compressed spinal cord injury (CSCI). However, the protective effect of electro acupuncture (EA) on neural myelin sheaths remains controversy attributed to the dimness of its therapeutic mechanism. In this study, we tried to explore the protecti...

A series of selected 2-substituted imidazolines were synthesized in moderate to excellent yields by a modification of protocols reported in the literature. They were evaluated as potential non-classical bioisosteres of AHL with the aim of counteracting bacterial pathogenicity. Imidazolines 18a, 18e and 18f at various concentrations reduced the violacein production by Chromobacterium violaceum, ...