We describe the principles of counterfactual thinking in providing more precise definitions causal effects and some implications this work for way which questions life course research are framed evidence evaluated. Terminology is explained examples common analyses discussed that focus on timing exposures, mediation their effects, observed unobserved confounders, measurement error. The illustrat...

The development of health is a cumulative, dynamic, and lifelong process responding to variety biological behavioral influences, which those in childhood are especially influential and, indeed, formative. Reflecting the balance positive adverse experiences during childhood, initial trajectories for future emerge. Preventive pediatric care can anticipate respond personal social circumstances the...

Well over $1 billion was spent on televised political advertising in the U.S. in 2004. Given the ubiquity of the 30 second spot, one might presume that ads must affect viewers’ vote choices. Somewhat surprisingly, though, scholars have yet to make much progress in confirming this claim. In this paper, we leverage a comprehensive dataset that tracks political ads in the nation’s top media market...

BACKGROUND Walking is one of the most commonly recommended activities for sedentary individuals. When performed at the correct intensity, it can provide cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, and other benefits by providing a training effect in addition to reducing the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases and other chronic health conditions. OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this study was...

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Intragenerational mobility has been a central concern in sociology, especially in the latter half of the 20 century. Most of this analysis has proceeded using measures of social position that are functions of an individual’s occupation. This approach has been based on two primary justifications. First, occupational mobility is a key attribute of labor market structure, and the labor market, alo...

Alcohol is the world’s most commonly used drug. In all drinking societies, patterns of alcohol use and abuse are superimposed on the structure of a person’s life activities. For this reason, indicators of variation between people’s lives, such as age and gender differences, socioeconomic status, and ethnocultural group membership, have all been useful as markers in understanding variation in al...

There is growing recognition that the risk of many diseases in later life, such as type 2 diabetes or breast cancer, is affected by adult as well as early-life variables, including those operating prior to conception and during the prenatal period. Most of these risk factors are correlated because of common biologic and/or social pathways, while some are intrinsically ordered over time. The stu...