Because algal cells are so efficient at absorbing incoming light energy, providing more light energy to photobioreactors would simply decrease energy conversion efficiency. Furthermore, the algal biomass productivity in photobioreactor is always proportional to the total photosynthetic rate. In order to optimize the productivity of algal photobioreactors (PBRs), the oxygen production rate shoul...

BACKGROUND The use of external sources of energy may accelerate the setting rate of glass ionomer cements (GICs) allowing better initial mechanical properties. AIM To investigate the influence of ultrasound and halogen light on the microleakage and hardness of enamel adjacent to GIC restorations, after artificial caries challenge. DESIGN Cavities were prepared in 60 primary canines, restore...

We simulate and measure light scattering of a micrometer-sized spherical particle suspended in solution close to a glass substrate. The model, based on the discrete sources method, is developed to describe the experimental situation of total internal reflection microscopy experiments; i.e., the particle is illuminated by an evanescent light field originating from the glass-solvent interface. In...

An Optical FHR Detection System Our research team proposed a low-power optical technique based on the photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal, which is generated when a beam of light is modulated by blood pulsations, to noninvasively estimate the FHR. The doctor or technician shines a beam of LED light (less than 68 mW) at the maternal abdomen, modulated by the blood circulation of the mother and fetus...

Different wavelength light sources are used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of the skin to treat different conditions. Clinical studies show inconsistent results for the effectiveness of aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-PDT performed at different wavelengths. In order to understand the effect of treatment wavelength, a theoretical study was performed to calculate time-resolved depth-dependent distributi...

This paper presents the design and fabrication of an optical window for an optical modulator toward image sensing applications. An optical window consists of micrometer-order SiO2 capillaries (porous solid) that can modulate transmission light intensity by moving the liquid in and out of porous solid. A high optical transmittance of the optical window can be achieved due to refractive index mat...

Security researchers and practitioners lack techniques to quantitatively evaluate the strength of security systems against a determined attacker. Currently, evaluation is either qualitative, such as through security certification standards, or ad-hoc, such as through penetration testing and auditing. In this paper, we propose a framework that if applied to security systems, would produce quanti...