manifestations that are regarded nontypical for the full-blown disease. Case report A 35-year-old G2P1 Caucasian woman had her first-trimester ultrasound evaluation. The histological picture was typical of osteogenesis imperfecta type II/III. The combination of severe distortion of the limb bones with rib and limb fractures, in association with the above histopathology, permitted the diagnosis ...

Reconstruction of bone is often required for large bone defects and also in cases of impaired bone regeneration. Vascularized bone transfer has been widely used for reconstruction, especially for segmental mandibular defects, and for reconstruction of long bones of the upper limb and lower limb after trauma or after significant bone resection for tumour. It has also been used in cases of scapho...

We describe late Pliocene and early Pleistocene hominin fossils from Sterkfontein Caves (South Africa), including two femoral specimens, as well a partial tibia fibula. The are likely assignable to Australopithecus africanus and/or prometheus the morphology of each corroborates previous interpretations hominins at least facultative bipeds.
 Significance:
 
 A recent series papers...

In the vertebrate limb over 40 muscles are arranged in a precise pattern of attachment via muscle connective tissue and tendon to bone and provide an extensive range of motion. How the development of somite-derived muscle is coordinated with the development of lateral plate-derived muscle connective tissue, tendon and bone to assemble a functional limb musculoskeletal system is a long-standing ...

Previous studies have demonstrated that the Pleistocene saber-toothed cat Smilodon fatalis had many forelimb adaptations for increased strength, presumably to grapple with and subdue prey. The Rancho La Brea tar pits yield large samples of juvenile limb bones forming a growth series that allow us to examine how Smilodon kittens grew up. Almost all available juvenile limb bones were measured, an...

Members of several terrestrial vertebrate lineages have returned to nearly exclusive use of aquatic habitats. These transitions were often accompanied by changes in skeletal morphology, such as flattening of limb bone shafts. Such morphological changes might be correlated with the exposure of limb bones to altered loading. Though the environmental forces acting on the skeleton differ substantia...

Regulation of load-induced bone formation is considered a local phenomenon controlled by osteocytes, although it has also been hypothesized that functional adaptation may be neuronally regulated. The aim of this study was to examine bone formation in multiple bones, in response to loading of a single bone, and to determine whether adaptation may be neuronally regulated. Load-induced responses i...

This report describes a case of polydactyly in the hind-limb of a West African Dwarf goat kid in South West Africa. Physical examination revealed the presence of four digits in each of the hind limbs. Radiological examination and macerated bones of the animal showed a bifid shape of each metatarsal that was more prominent from the distal half of the diaphysis. This resulted in the presence of f...

Currently, monitoring protocols after tendon injury are based on ultrasonography evaluations of tendon. Unfortunately, these do not provide the clinician with any idea of how well the tendon is healing, it just tells them how well any gaps are filling in. Currently in human medicine, the technology exists to evaluate how hard or soft tissue is based on ultrasound. We aim to evaluate two of thes...