During C. elegans development, the temporal pattern of many cell lineages is specified by graded activity of the heterochronic gene Lin-14. Here we demonstrate that a temporal gradient in Lin-14 protein is generated posttranscriptionally by multiple elements in the lin-14 3'UTR that are regulated by the heterochronic gene Lin-4. The lin-14 3'UTR is both necessary and sufficient to confer lin-4-...

lin-4 encodes a small RNA that is complementary to sequences in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of lin-14 mRNA and that acts to developmentally repress the accumulation of LIN-14 protein. This repression is essential for the proper timing of numerous events of Caenorhabditis elegans larval development. We have investigated the mechanism of lin-4 RNA action by examining the fate of lin-14 mRNA ...

Studies of C. elegans vulval development have illuminated mechanisms underlying cell fate specification and elucidated intercellular signaling pathways [1]. The vulval precursor cells (VPCs) are spatially patterned during the L3 stage by the EGFR-Ras-MAPK-mediated inductive signal and the LIN-12/Notch-mediated lateral signal. The pattern is both precise and robust [2] because of crosstalk betwe...

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), present in mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2, is a serine/threonine kinase that integrates nutrients, growth factors, and cellular energy status to control protein synthesis, cell growth, survival and metabolism. However, it remains elusive whether mTOR plays a developmental stage-specific role in tissue development and whether mTOR can function indepe...

We study the question of when investing additional quantum resources in preparing a ground state will improve aggregate runtime associated with estimating its energy. analyze Lin and Tong's near-optimal preparation algorithm show that it can reduce proxy for runtime, $T$-gate count, energy estimation near quadratically. Resource estimates are provided specify conditions under which added cost i...

The Caenorhabditis elegans heterochronic gene lin-14 specifies the temporal sequence of postembryonic developmental events. lin-14, which encodes differentially spliced LIN-14A and LIN-14B1/B2 protein isoforms, acts at distinct times during the first larval stage to specify first and second larval stage-specific cell lineages. Proposed models for the molecular basis of these two lin-14 gene act...

defects opposite to those of lin-4(e912). Precisely the These opposite developmental timing defects of lin-4 Harvard Medical School and lin-14 mutants, and the fact that loss of lin-14 is Department of Molecular Biology epistatic to lin-4(e912), suggested that the lin-4(e912) Massachusetts General Hospital mutation resulted in an excess of lin-14 activity. So lin-4 Boston, Massachusetts 02114 m...

1 2004 (1) References [1] M. Cho and S. Y. Rhee. Optimization of laminates with free edges under bounded uncertainty subject to extension, bending and twisting. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 41:227–245, 2004. [2] C. Lin and Y. Lee. Stacking sequence optimization of laminated composite structures using genetic algorithm with local improvement. Composite Structures, 63:339–345, ...

In this paper, two types of tness landscapes of the graph bi-partitioning problem are analyzed, and a memetic algorithm { a genetic algorithm incorporating local search { that nds near-optimum solutions eeciently is presented. A search space analysis reveals that the tness landscapes of geometric and non-geometric random graphs diier significantly , and within each type of graph there are also ...