For a multi-attribute group decision making (MAGDM) problem, the so-called consensus reaching process is used to achieve an agreement among experts and finally make a common decision. Unfortunately, so far the consensus models for MAGDM haven’t been completely studied, especially for MAGDM under uncertain linguistic environment. The disadvantages of most existing consensus models could be summa...

Linguistic insight in the form of high-level relationships and rules text builds basis our understanding language. However, data-driven generation such structures often lacks labeled resources that can be used as training data for supervised machine learning. The creation ground-truth is a time-consuming process requires domain expertise to resolve ambiguities characterize linguistic phenomena....

this study is a typological description of written formative feedback in an efl context in iran. twenty m.a. students of tefl participated in the study. they were required to summarize a scholarly article in each session on which the instructor would provide written corrective feedback (cf). written formative comments were extracted, coded, and categorized into various types, such as asking for...

This paper presents an attempt to construct a feedback systenr PECOF which improves a Japauese-English Machine Translation system by feedback of correcting information given by posteditors. PECOF analyzes the error-correcting information by using an English-Japmmse Machine Translation system which works in the reverse direction to the original MT sys~ tern, corot)ares the intermediate expressio...

The fundamental claim of this paper is that salience—both visual and linguistic—is an important overarching semantic category structuring visually situated discourse. Based on this we argue that computer systems attempting to model the evolving context of a visually situated discourse should integrate models of visual and linguistic salience within their natural language processing (NLP) framew...

This paper describes changing needs among the communities that exploit language resources and recent LDC activities and publications that support those needs by providing greater volumes of data and associated resources in a growing inventory of languages with ever more sophisticated annotation. Specifically, it covers the evolving role of data centers with specific emphasis on the LDC, the pub...

ARBITER is a Prolog program that extracts assertions about macromolecular binding relationships from biomedical text. We describe the domain knowledge and the underspecified linguistic analyses that support the identification of these predications. After discussing a formal evaluation of ARBITER, we report on its application to 491,000 MEDLINE ~ abstracts, during which almost 25,000 binding rel...

The syntax of English is largely a solved problem. Yet all natural language projects devote a large amount of their effort to developing grammars. The reason for this situation is that there is no very large, generally available grammar of English based on current technology-unification grammar. The solution is to develop a very broad-coverage National Resource Grammar in a unification formalis...