Quantification over individuals, times, and worlds can in principle be made explicit in the syntax of the object language, or left to the semantics and spelled out in the metalanguage. The traditional view is that quantification over individuals is syntactically explicit, whereas quantification over times and worlds is not. But a growing body of literature proposes a uniform treatment. This pap...

We develop a novel cross-lingual word representation model which injects syntactic information through dependencybased contexts into a shared cross-lingual word vector space. The model, termed CLDEPEMB, is based on the following assumptions: (1) dependency relations are largely language-independent, at least for related languages and prominent dependency links such as direct objects, as evidenc...

This paper concerns learning information by reading natural language texts. The major aim is to develop representations which are understandable by a reasoning engine and can be used to answer questions. We use abduction for mapping natural language data into concise and speci c theories underlying the textual data. Techniques for automatically generating usable data representations are discuss...

one of the prominent shophists lived in 4th and 5th hegira centuries (11th & 12th ad centuries) is ibn bakooyeh shirazi. in a poetic verse that saadi (14th ad century) mentioned baba koohi as pseudonym for ibn bakuyeh shirazi and within a phrase written by isa ibn joneid shirazi (15th ad cen.) at tazkereh-e- hezar mazar (literally hgiography of thousand tombs) book with title of babakoohi as we...

Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) is a fine-grained task of that presents great benefits to real-word applications. Recently, the methods utilizing graph neural networks over dependency trees are popular, but most them merely considered if there exist dependencies between words, ignoring types these dependencies, which carry important information, as with different have effects. In additio...

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Paraphrases of an expression are alternative linguistic expressions conveying the same information as the original. Technology for handling paraphrases has been attracting increasing attention due to its potential in a wide range of natural language processing applications; e.g., machine translation, information retrieval, question answering, summarization, authoring and revision support, and r...

Annotated corpora have become a standard resource for research in both linguistics and computational processing of natural languages. Lexicographers judge word usage and distribution by occurrences in corpora; part-of-speech tags may help them narrow their queries. Grammarians may use syntactically annotated corpora (treebanks) for queries such as “show me all examples where a verb governs two ...

Natural language text corpora are often available as sets of syntactically parsed trees. A wide range of expressive tree queries are possible over such parsed trees that open a new avenue in searching over natural language text. They not only allow for querying roles and relationships within sentences, but also improve search effectiveness compared to flat keyword queries. One major drawback of...