When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day. Nocturnal rodents, including rats, hamsters, and mice, are active during the night and relatively inactive during the day. Many other behavioral and physiological measures also exhibit daily rhythms, but in rodents, running-wheel activity serves as a particularly reli...

Open innovation becomes very popular nowadays. However, how to involve users in open innovation process and unleash the potential of more real life end users is still not easy. Living Lab is the development of open innovation paradigm which combines the advantages of users and their real life contexts and provides a structure and governance for involving users. In this paper, we propose a Livin...

background aging often accompanies declines in muscular capabilities that hinder the performance of daily functions. one of the paramount objectives in occupational therapy is preserving clients’ independence through their ability to conduct instrumental daily living activities. objectives the current study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of two subscales of the independent livin...

the writing of iranian architectural history has, from its start, followed the principles of western historiography. portions of this history are well expected to be neglected or unattended when writing of it takes place outside its intellectual framework that essentially reflects the iranian throught world. to have a truly iranian architectural historiography, one has to find the theoretical p...

BACKGROUND The benefits of breakfast during childhood and adolescence have been reported previously though few studies have considered family structure inequalities in breakfast consumption. The proportion of young people living in non-traditional family types has increased in recent years, strengthening the need to describe and monitor the impact of the changing family unit on adolescent break...

Since identical twins occur as a result of the division of one egg, they have the same genetic structure. Therefore, their phenotypes and sex are also always the same. However, due to the effect of environmental factors, some of the characteristics of twins living in different regions appear to develop differently. In our case of 17-year-old maternal twins, we emphasized that nasal pathologies ...

Rapid population aging in Japan has led to rising demands for informal care giving. Traditionally, care giving for aging parents has fallen disproportionately on the shoulders of women living in multigenerational households. However, rising labor force participation by Japanese women, declining marriage and fertility rates, and women's changing expectations have combined to produce unprecedente...