There is nothing new in deciding controversial issues by majority vote, but it is probably not as old as the use of lotteries in matters of distributive, retributive, and ‘elective’ justice. Probably under the influence of Assyrian practices of aleatoric selection, the ancient Israelites used lotteries in a wide range of circumstances as is attested by numerous references in the Old Testament.1...

abstract a great proportion of non-oil export in iran is related to tile and ceramic industry. so because of its main role in job creation, this industry is one of important industries in iran. in the recent years inefficiency in this industry caused an increase in expenses and a decrease in products quality and caused supply surplus crisis and a reduction in sales. therefore in this paper, the...

We discuss theoretical aspects of the self-assembly of triangular tiles, in particular, right triangular tiles and equilateral triangular tiles, and the self-assembly of hexagonal tiles. Contrary to intuition, we show that triangular tile assembly systems and square tile assembly systems cannot be simulated by each other in a non-trivial way. More precisely, there exists a square tile assembly ...

In this appendix, we prove the undecidability of the following problems: the constrained domino problem (proved undecidable by Wang): give a tile set and a tile as input, ask whether it is possible to form a tiling of the plane containing the given tile; the unconstrained domino problem (Berger's Theorem): the input is a tile set and the question is whether one can tile the plane with it; the p...

A discourse is more than a random set of sentences, because it is coherent (e.g. Hobbs, 1990) Discourse coheres -among other thingsbecause coherence relations hold between the segments, or rather between the representation people make of the segments. A coherence relation is an aspect of tile meaning of two or more discourse segments that cannot be described in terms of tile meaning of tile seg...

In this paper we explore the power of tile self-assembly models that extend the well-studied abstract Tile Assembly Model (aTAM) by permitting tiles of shapes beyond unit squares. Our main result shows the surprising fact that any aTAM system, consisting of many different tile types, can be simulated by a single tile type of a general shape. As a consequence, we obtain a single universal tile t...