The aim of this paper is to collect definitions and results on the main classes of 2D languages introduced with the attempt of generalizing regular and context-free string languages and in same time preserving some of their nice properties. Almost all the models here described are based on tiles. So we also summarize some results on Wang tiles and its applications.

For robust molecular implementation of tile-based algorithmic self-assembly, methods for reducing errors must be developed. Previous studies suggested that by control of physical conditions, such as temperature and the concentration of tiles, errors (ε) can be reduced to an arbitrarily low rate – but at the cost of reduced speed (r) for the self-assembly process. For tile sets directly implemen...

Purpose This study was conducted to study the epidemiology, classification, treatment and outcome of a large patient group with pelvic ring injury in a level 1 trauma center in the Netherlands. Materials and Methods In the period of 2004 to 2014, we encountered 537 patients with a pelvic fracture. Many of them are due to a high energy trauma and therefore many concomitant injuries are observe...

DNA tile self-assembly has emerged as a rich and promising primitive for nano-technology. This paper studies the problems of minimizing assembly time and error rate by changing the tile concentrations because changing the tile concentrations is easy to implement in actual lab experiments. We prove that setting the concentration of tile Ti proportional to the square root of Ni where Ni is the nu...

I N A PREVIOUS PAPER,’ the author reported n a blood sample ( Co) found to be AB, but containing anti-B in the serum. Tile A antigen in tile blood cells was normal when assessed on tile basis of tile reaction of the blood cells ill anti-A sera, whereas tile B cilaracter was weaker than normal and atypical. A study of the family failed to reveal whether tile atypical, weak B-like character was i...

This paper mainly focuses on the calibration problem for light intensity in LUSTER (Light under Shrub Thicket for Environmental Research). Data from sensor readings as well as corresponding ground truth gotten from LI-1400 are collected and stored. Three calibration schemes say SCS (Simple Calibration Scheme), TCS (Transformed Calibration Scheme), and SACS (Sophisticated and Accurate Calibratio...

this paper presents a theoretical model in order to determine tile expected rate of durable good`s supply over time. the social plaliner maximizes tile sum of the discount ed net benefit. subject to the stochastic fluctuation in the stock of durable goods. it turns out that a social planner increases the expected rate of supply since uncertainty increases the user's loss from the view poin...

Land application of municipal biosolids (sewage) is a common farming practice in many parts of the world. There is potential for transport of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from agricultural fields to adjacent surface waters via tile drainage systems. In this study, liquid municipal biosolids (LMB) (total solids=11,933 mg L(-1)), supplemented with selected PPCPs and the fluo...