Agrobacterium most likely can transform virtually all known plant species, and experimental protocols for Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of yet more plant species, ecotypes, and cultivars are published almost on a daily basis. Interestingly, the Agrobacterium host range is not limited to the plant kingdom, and it has been shown to transform many species of fungi and even prokaryo...

b a ckground: west nile virus (wnv) and rift valley fever virus (rvfv) are mosquito-borne viral diseases. the objective of this study was to investigate the rvfv and wnv infections as serologically in different mammalian species (cattle, horse, goat, sheep and water buffalo) in the northern turkey. m e t hods: blood samples randomly collected from 70 each cattle, horse, sheep, goat and water bu...

Mammalian fertilization exhibits species specificity, and the proteins mediating sperm-egg interactions evolve rapidly between species. In this study, we demonstrate that the evolution of seven genes involved in mammalian fertilization is promoted by positive Darwinian selection by using likelihood ratio tests (LRTs). Several of these proteins are sperm proteins that have been implicated in bin...

The innate immune system existed prior to the emergence of adaptive immunity in sharks and higher vertebrates. Homologues of many mammalian innate immune-system elements such as the toll-like receptors exist in species as distant as Drosophila. Selective pressure has led to the development of highly conserved, soluble, and cell-surface receptors that recognize functionally essential molecules s...

Migration is ubiquitous among animals and has evolved repeatedly independently. Comparative studies of the evolutionary origins migration in birds are widespread, but lacking mammals. Mammalian species have greater variation functional traits that may be relevant for migration. Interspecific behaviour often attributed to mode locomotion (i.e. running, swimming, flying) body size, associated wit...

Background: Lipophosphoglycan 3 (LPG3) is required for the LPG assembly, a well known virulent molecule. In this study, the LPG3 gene of the lizard and mammalian Leishmania species were cloned and sequenced. A three-dimensional structure (3D) for the target sequence was also predicted by comparative (homology) modeling. Materials and Methods: An optimization PCR amplification was performed o...

Early mammalian embryos are thought to gain nuclear totipotency through DNA methylation reprogramming (DMR). By this process, DNA methylation patterns acquired during gametogenesis that are unnecessary for zygotic development are erased. The DMR patterns of various mammalian species have been studied; however, they do not seem to have a conserved pattern. We examined early goat embryos to find ...

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a tunable source of reactive species and other physical factors. It exerts luxuriant biochemical effects on diverse cells, including bacterial mammalian plant cells. Over the past decade, CAP has shown promising application in modern agriculture. Here, we focused state art agriculture, particularly improvement seed germination rates. Typical sources, underlying ...

This paper focuses on biological relationships between mammalian species richness and the community structure of dung beetles in cool-temperate forests in the northernmost part of mainland Japan. The composition of beetle assemblages was evaluated at 3 sites in undisturbed beech forests with different mammalian fauna. In spring and summer 2009, beetles were collected at each site using pitfall ...

Progesterone is a mammalian gonadal hormone which generally present in plant samples trace amount. In the study, progesterone was identified ethanol extract of banana inflorescence Musa paradisiaca. L species by HPTLC method and silica part from plates were scrapped subjected to GC-MS analysis further confirms presence progesterone. Preliminary phytochemical evaluation, mineral content, fingerp...