during the 1960s, the relatively new approaches like environmental warfare and intentional environmental deterioration came in to the global security and strategic literature. till now, through different conventional and unconventional wars, the governments have imposed intentional and unintentional adverse effects on the environment some of which are lasting for decades. the application of wea...

lead and zinc production is one of the main predisposing factors of excessive greenhouse gases emissions, air pollution and water consumption. in this paper, the environmental problems of lead and zinc production in calcimin plant are expressed and life cycle assessment of this plant is assessed. the data regarding the amount of induced global warming and pollution, acidification, and depletion...

regarding the importance of natural resources in preserving natural ecosystem and human being survival, protecting these resources and preventing their demolition will be necessary. taleghan lake, alborz, is studied o determine the protective value and measuring the willingness of people. using the ahp approach, this study is different by using and non-using value of the lake. results from lagi...

This paper provides a selective overview of the modeling and estimates of the economic values of environmental resources. Travel cost, hedonic property values, contingent valuation and household production models are discussed and evaluated. Two new approaches calibrated models and conjoint analysis are compared with existing methods. For each class of models the review identifies some of the c...

Healthy natural ecosystems such as forests, rivers, coral reefs, and wetlands can be viewed as “natural capital,” because they in effect provide “goods and services” that are fundamental to human wellbeing. However, the benefits of these ecosystems largely fall outside of formal markets and are therefore undervalued. Thus, mobilizing financial capital to conserve and sustain such natural capita...

today the environmental consequences and earth resources unresponsiveness is transformed to the main concern of human. at the same time increasing environmental pollution and its devastating consequences following that, increased consumer and environmental demand for sustainable products and services must try to reduce pollution caused by industrial development in the form of efforts to impleme...

the study of ngos network function as facilitator in enviropreneurship development in iranian environmental ngos was the main aim of this research that conducted as a casual model method. the statistical sample was 51 environmental ngos in iran that selected randomly. questionnaire research instrument was to measure the studied structures. content validity by panel study confirmed. to determine...

Integrated catchment policies are widely used to manage natural resources in Australian catchments. Decision support tools available to aid integrated catchment management are often limited in their integration of environmental processes with socio-economic systems. Fully integrated models are required to support assessments of the environmental and economic trade-offs of catchment management c...