OBJECTIVE To develop and test the reliability and validity of the State Behavioral Scale for use in describing sedation/agitation levels in young intubated patients supported on mechanical ventilation. DESIGN : In this prospective, psychometric evaluation, pairs of trained pediatric critical care nurse evaluators simultaneously and independently assessed a convenience sample of pediatric inte...

CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not. Abstract: The molecular mechanisms of sensing noxious mechanical force by nociceptive sensory neurons remain poorly understood. Traditional methods for probing mechanical nociception behavioral responses are labor intensive and involve th...

Introduction: Neuropathic pain is one of the common complications of diabetes mellitus which is caused by impairment in nerve conductivity. The role of flavonoid and polyphenol compounds in treatment of neuropathic pain has been revealed, and extract of onion contains significant amounts of these compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of alcoholic extract of onion on ...

background: based on researches done  in recent decades, there are several therapeutic approaches to increase self-esteem and achievement motivation of students. among these methods, we can refer to cognitive-behavioral therapy. the purpose of this research is assessment of effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group training on self-esteem andachievement motivation of students. methods: the re...

aim and background: tobacco dependency is recognized as the first factor for the prevention of mortality worldwide. despite the negative impact of smoking on hypertension, therapists have been paid less attention to the effectiveness of psychological treatment of nicotine dependence of these patients. methods and materials: in this case- control pre-post test research with a quasi-experimental ...

abstract: aim and background: autism spectrum disorder is a complex childhood neurological disorder that affects all aspects of child development. the purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an intervention program using animals to improve cognitive, social, behavioral functioning , and communication in children with autism spectrum disorders. methods and materials: 14 child...

Abstract This study examines how salinity reduction triggers the response of three marine microalgae at molecular and unicellular levels in terms chemical, mechanical, behavioral changes. At lowest salinity, all microalgal species exhibited an increase membrane sterols behaved stiffer. The glycocalyx-coated Dunaliella tertiolecta was surrounded by a thick actin layer showed highest physiologica...

This study was performed to investigate whether an intra-articular injection of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor agonist, resiniferatoxin (RTX) would alleviate behavioral signs of arthritic pain in a rat model of osteoarthritis (OA). We also sought to determine the effect of RTX treatment on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression in the spinal cord. Knee join...

Background: Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain due to a disorder in the peripheral or central nervous system with different pathophysiological mechanisms. Current treatments are not effective. Here we compared the analgesic effect of nefopam, and morphine in chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain. Methods: Male wistar rat (150-200g, n=8) were divided into 3 different groups...