Uniquely among mammalian organs, skin is capable of dramatic size change in adults, yet the mechanisms underlying this striking capacity are unclear. Here, we utilize a system controlled tissue expansion mice to uncover cellular and molecular determinants tension-induced growth. Through machine learning-guided three-dimensional reconstruction, capture morphometric changes growing skin. We find ...

Electrostatic actuation of motion is commonly used in resonant MEMS. Drive signal feed-through is undesirable as it masks the detection signal. This paper reports analysis and demonstration of a resonant motion excitation scheme, which uses a combination of a DC bias with a sinusoidal AC voltage, frequency of which is twice of the mechanical resonant frequency. This configuration is experimenta...

We report design and fabrication process of MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) actuators for a new type of optical switch integrated with photonic crystal (PhC) waveguides. Thin film poly-silicon electrostatic microactuator (either a cantilever or a bridge style) is placed over a PhC waveguide to induce optical modulation by means of mechanical motion in the evanescent fields. For low volt...

An electric drive consists of an electric machine, which converts electrical power to mechanical power, power electronics to operate the machine and a unit to control the motion of the drive. These are the components of the drive. Parts of each of these components could fail and give rise to specific failure scenarios. The drive types investigated in this chapter are limited to asynchronous ind...

As quantum systems become more experimentally accessible, we are forced to reconsider the notions of control and work to fully account for quantum effects. To this end, we identify the work injected into a quantum system during a general quantum-mechanical driving protocol and quantify the relevant heat flows. The known results that are applicable in the limit of a classical drive are shown to ...

ATP synthase comprises two rotary motors in one. The F(1) motor can generate a mechanical torque using the hydrolysis energy of ATP. The F(o) motor generates a rotary torque in the opposite direction, but it employs a transmembrane proton motive force. Each motor can be reversed: The F(o) motor can drive the F(1) motor in reverse to synthesize ATP, and the F(1) motor can drive the F(o) motor in...

Hydro-mechanical transmission (HMT) based hybrid hydraulic vehicle architecture is potentially more efficient than other architectures because: 1) it uses the efficient mechanical transmission for partial power transfer, 2) it allows the engine to operate at its most efficient point. The input coupled power split hybrid vehicle being developed is one such example. The increase in degrees of fre...