BACKGROUND Indirect evidence supports a role of spinal cholinergic neurons in tonically reducing response to noxious mechanical stimulation and in effecting analgesia from alpha2-adrenergic agonists. This study directly assessed the role of cholinergic neurons in regulating the level of mechanical allodynia and in participating in the antiallodynic effect of the clinically used alpha2-adrenergi...

Cold allodynia is an important distinctive feature of neuropathic pain. The present study examined whether single or repetitive treatment of diluted bee venom (DBV) reduced cold allodynia in sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) rats and whether these effects were mediated by spinal adrenergic receptors. Single injection of DBV (0.25 or 2.5 mg/kg) was performed into Zusanli acupoint 2...

Gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) can occur when coordinated smooth muscle contractility is disrupted. Potassium (K+) channels regulate GI smooth muscle tone and are key to GI tract relaxation, but their molecular and functional phenotypes are poorly described. Here we define the expression and functional roles of mechano-gated K2P channels in mouse...

Magnetic NPs grafted via mechano-ATRP served as a powerful agent for enhancing performance and stability of magnetorheological suspensions.

introduction: pharmacological blockage of glial activity has been proved useful for treatment of neuropathic pain by lowering proinflammatory cytokines. the present study is to confirm the effect of post-injury administration of pentoxifylline on chronic constriction injury (cci)-induced neuropathic pain symptoms_ and improved the efficacy of morphine anti-nociception. methods: male wistar rats...

Background Surgeries causing nerve injury can result in chronic neuropathic pain, which is clinically managed by using antidepressant or anticonvulsant drugs. Currently, there is a growing interest for investigating preemptive treatments that would prevent this long-term development of neuropathic pain. Our aim was to compare analgesic drugs using two distinct treatment modalities: either treat...

Many neurotransmitters involved in pain perception transmit signals via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCR kinase 2 (GRK2) regulates agonist-induced desensitization and signaling of multiple GPCRs and interacts with downstream molecules with consequences for signaling. In general, low GRK2 levels are associated with increased responses to agonist stimulation of GPCRs. Recently, we report...

The recycling of sodium borohydride poses a huge challenge to the drive towards hydrogen economy. Currently, mechano-chemical, thermo-chemical and electrochemical are only reported methods metaborate into borohydride. Much attention has been devoted mechano-chemical reduction, but little focus methods. This review describes behaviour (BH4−) (BO2−) anions in alkaline solutions. BH4− is stabilize...

Mirror-image allodynia is a mysterious phenomenon that occurs in association with many clinical pain syndromes. Allodynia refers to pain in response to light touch/pressure stimuli, which normally are perceived as innocuous. Mirror-image allodynia arises from the healthy body region contralateral to the actual site of trauma/inflammation. Virtually nothing is known about the mechanisms underlyi...

Peripheral nerve injury can lead to a persistent neuropathic pain state in which innocuous tactile stimulation elicits pain behavior (tactile allodynia). Spinal administration of the anticonvulsant gabapentin suppresses allodynia by an unknown mechanism. In vitro studies indicate that gabapentin binds to the a2d-1 (hereafter referred to as a2d) subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels. We hypo...