The status of the organization of the auditory corticofugal systems is summarized. These are among the largest pathways in the brain, with descending connections to auditory and non-auditory thalamic, midbrain, and medullary regions. Auditory corticofugal influence thus reaches sites immediately presynaptic to the cortex, sites remote from the cortex, as in periolivary regions that may have a c...

Lesions in the medial forebrain bundle rostral to a stimulating electrode have variable effects on the rewarding efficacy of self-stimulation. We attempted to account for this variability by measuring the anatomical and functional effects of electrolytic lesions at the level of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and by correlating these effects to postlesion changes in threshold pulse frequency (pps...

Hippocampal oscillations are critical for information processing, and are strongly influenced by inputs from the medial septum. Hippocamposeptal neurons provide direct inhibitory feedback from the hippocampus onto septal cells, and are therefore likely to also play an important role in the circuit; these neurons fire at either low or high frequency, reflecting hippocampal network activity durin...

A combined septal perforation repair and rhinoplasty was performed in 80 patients presenting with septal perforations (size 1 to 5 cm) and external nasal deformities. The external rhinoplasty approach was used for all cases and the perforation was repaired using bilateral intranasal mucosal advancement flaps with a connective tissue interposition graft in between. Complete closure of the perfor...

BNST Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis CCK Cholecystokinin cGMP Cyclic guanosine monophosphate DCN Dorsal central autonomic nucleus fMRI Functional magnetic resonance imaging IML Intermediolateral cell column LCTF Lateral central tegmental field LSt cells Lumbar spinothalamic cells MEA Medial amygdala MPOA Medial preoptic area NO Nitric oxide nPGi Nucleus paragigantocellularis NPY Neuropeptid...

Activity-dependent transneuronal regulation of neuronal soma size has been studied in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and ventral cochlear nucleus of adolescent gerbils. Cochlear ablation or tetrodotoxin has been used to eliminate afferent electrical activity in auditory nerve fibers permanently or for 24 or 48 hours. Previous studies have shown that the cross-sectional area of spheric...

The distribution of seven neuropeptides was studied in the cat amygdala using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. No labeling was found for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone or beta-endorphin (1-27). Sparse alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-immunoreactive fibers were found in the basomedial nucleus of the amygdala, whereas a low density of fibers containing alpha-neo-endorphin was ob...

This study compared the neurotoxic effects of triphenyl phosphite (TPP) in the rat with those seen after exposure to diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP), a compound known to produce organophosphorus-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN). Animals received either three subcutaneous injections of TPP (1184 mg/kg body wt each dose) administered at 3-day intervals or a single subcutaneous injection...

This study examined the output of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus to the medial geniculate body and other parts of the nervous system in the mustached bat (Pteronotus parnellii). Small deposits of anterograde tracers (horseradish peroxidase, [3Hlleucine, Phaseolus uulgaris leucoagglutinin, wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, or biocytin) were made at physi...

Electrical stimulation of fibers of passage through the fastigial nucleus increases arterial pressure. To identify nuclei that may project through the pressor region of the fastigial nucleus, we injected the retrograde tracer fast blue unilaterally at confirmed pressor sites in the nucleus. In seven rats, we found dense fluorescent labeling bilaterally in the external cuneate, lateral reticular...