The topographical distributions of the relative ratio of long- (L) and middle- (M) wavelength sensitive cone opsin messenger RNA (mRNA) in human and baboon retinas were mapped using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The L:M mRNA ratio increased in a central-to-peripheral gradient in both species, being quite pronounced for humans.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNA sequences that repress protein synthesis by either inhibiting the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) or increasing mRNA degradation. Endogenous miRNAs have been found in various organisms, including animals, plants, and viruses. Mammalian miRNAs are evolutionarily conserved, are scattered throughout chromosomes, and play an important role in the immune response...

Post-transcriptional RNA processing is an important step in the regulation of chloroplast gene expression, and a number of chloroplast ribonucleoproteins (cpRNPs) are likely to be involved in this process. The major tobacco cpRNPs are composed of five species: cp28, cp29A, cp29B, cp31, and cp33 and these are divided into three groups (I, II, and III). By immunoprecipitation, gel filtration, and...

mRNA synthesis, processing, and destruction involve a complex series of molecular steps that are incompletely understood. Because the RNA intermediates in each of these steps have finite lifetimes, extensive mechanistic and dynamical information is encoded in total cellular RNA. Here we report the development of SnapShot-Seq, a set of computational methods that allow the determination of in viv...

It was 2012 when the first case of corona virus noticed by Saudi Authorities which spread through Asian countries, also flown to European countries. In 1960 revealed presence it declared as reason common cold in human beings. On January 30, 2020, WHO COVID-19 outbreak a global health emergency. March 11, pandemic. There are three brands vaccines available that Pfizer, Moderna and Johnson & (Jan...

Abstract RNA interference (RNAi) is an RNA-dependent gene silencing process that regulated by the interaction between RNA-induced complex (RISC) and double-stranded (dsRNA). Exogenous dsRNAs are imported directly into cytoplasm, where they cleaved Dicer short dsRNA fragments of 20–25 base pairs. These fragments, called small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have sequence-specific with target genes. Th...

RNA Interference (RNAi) is a selective gene silencing mechanism initiated by double stranded RNA (dsRNA). The short RNA species called siRNAs are formed from dsRNA, which can degrade the messenger RNA (mRNA). This knockdown prevents mRNA from producing amino acid sequences which are responsible for gene expression. Thus siRNA alters the regulatory role of mRNA during gene expression by translat...

RNA research has made great progress in recent years. A variety of unforeseen complexities have been identified, many with relevance to human brain disease. For example, neurologic illnesses may arise because of perturbations in distinct but interrelated tiers of RNA-based genetic regulation: pre-mRNA splicing; nonsplicing RNA modifications; and mRNA translational regulation. Furthermore, there...

RNA editing is a collective term referring to a plethora of reactions that ultimately lead to changes in RNA nucleotide sequences apart from splicing, 5' capping, or 3' end processing. In the mitochondria of trypanosomatids, insertion and deletion of uridines must occur, often on a massive scale, in order to generate functional messenger RNAs. The current state of knowledge perceives the editin...

The crystal structure of the bacterial 70S ribosome refined to 2.8 angstrom resolution reveals atomic details of its interactions with messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA). A metal ion stabilizes a kink in the mRNA that demarcates the boundary between A and P sites, which is potentially important to prevent slippage of mRNA. Metal ions also stabilize the intersubunit interface. The inte...