identity is one of those symbols which are influenced by variety of factors. since civilization and culture consists of physical and spiritual manifestations left behind by the mankind throughout the history, the tools and the items used by them becomes extremely important when studying their culture. by studying the symbols and the myths which are reflection of the people who used these items,...

this article has attempted to present a clear image of science production by the member states of the organization of islamic conference (oic) based on the essential science indicators (esi). esi indexes the most effective science productions of the world. the world bank, on the other hand, has classified the countries of the world according to their economic position. using the information acc...

The Middle Ages were a period of rapid development education and science in the Muslim world, including among Turkic peoples. Along with spread religious teachings political social spheres, many scientific ideas born, art governing country. article cites verses from Qur'an hadith concerning government country left an indelible mark on Islamic era. Epos Balasaguni «Kutty Bilik», epos A. Yugneki ...

We analyze reconstructions of large-scale surface temperature patterns in past centuries for insights into long-term climate change in the Middle and Near East. The temperature reconstructions, which have been described in detail previously, are based on calibration of widespread networks of high-resolution proxy and long instrumental/historical records against the 20th century global instrumen...

Islamic Finance is more than an asset class – it is a way of life lived by 1.6 billion Muslims around the world. But its reach goes even further – non-Islamic countries, governments, and businesses, have all invested in or issued Islamic securities for one reason or another. With the ongoing push of globalization of trade and finance, Islamic financial flows, long a localized phenomenon, have b...

in the framework of critical theory, this essay explains the revolutionary evolutionsin arab countries of the middle east and concludes that these evolutions haveislamic coloration. thus, it can be called islamic awakening. arab world with relyon hidden cultural rationality in islam criticize current islamic tradition and westfruition, and with use of the capacity of islamic emancipation, insur...

Department of Community Medicine, International Islamic University, Malaysia. Department of Internal Medicine, International Islamic University, Malaysia. Institute of Education, International Islamic University, Malaysia. Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, International Islamic University, Malaysia. Pharmaceutical Chemistry, International Islamic University, Malaysia. Department of Family Medicine,...

It has long been argued that identity matters in international relations. Yet, how identity impacts enmity and conflict among states remains the subject of debate. The existing liter‐ ature asserts that differences in identity can be a source of conflict, whereas convergence and similarity lead to cooperation. Nevertheless, empirical evidence from the Middle East has long defied this hy...