threat to use military force against iran has been repeated by us. these threats have been along with increasing sanctions and embargo against iran. the question we address in this paper is: what is the impact of on military threats against iran on effectiveness of sanctions and embargo against it? we will examine this hypothesis: in situation of global economy, transforming of military option ...

Despite their common Ottoman heritage, Greece and Turkey have diverged widely in their modem history of civil-military relations. The armed forces have a long record of intervention in both countries, but there is a crucial difference: the military emerged as a roughly unitary, independent political actor in Turkey, whereas in Greece it remained divided into factions aligned with civilian polit...

Article history: Received 21 July 2010 Available online 27 March 2012 The East India Company's conquest of India was facilitated by the behavior of its Indian rivals who not only did not ally against it, but often supported it militarily. Historians have typically attributed this to myopia, the failure to understand the long-term threat represented by the Company. We examine the negotiations le...

Over the past 30 years, numerical methods and simulation tools for fluid dynamic problems have advanced as a new discipline, namely, computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Although a wide spectrum of flow regimes are encountered in many areas of science and engineering, simulation of compressible flow has been the major driver for developing computational algorithms and tools. This is probably due...

BACKGROUND Training for the Royal Marines (RMs) is considered to be one of the most arduous military training regimes in the world. Approximately 16% of the annual intake of recruits suffer an injury. Smoking has been found to be a predisposition to injury. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between recruits' smoking status on entry to training and subsequent incidence of injury. METHOD ...

Stress fractures account for between 1% and 20% of athletic injuries, with 80% of stress fractures in the lower extremity. Stress fractures of the lower extremity are common injuries among individuals who participate in endurance, high load-bearing activities such as running, military and aerobic exercise and therefore require practitioner expertise in diagnosis and management. Accurate diagnos...

While constitutions regulate political authority within a state, there is much we do not know about the interaction between political conditions and constitutional texts. Much of the literature relies upon hand-coded databases of constitutional texts. However, this approach raises both methodological and theoretical concerns. Advances in natural language processing, particularly latent text ana...

Hannah Arendt’s existential, republican concept of politics spurned Carl Schmitt’s idea that enmity constituted the essence of the political. Famously, she isolated the political sphere from social conflict, sovereign regimes, and the realm of military violence. While some critics are now interested in applying Arendt’s more abstract political ideas to international affairs, it has not been ack...

Wound ballistics research has contributed much to the understanding of the pathophysiology of missile injury that now exists. From this store of knowledge treatment regimes have evolved which have greatly improved the lot of the soldier wounded in war. However, research must keep pace with changes that are taking place in weapons research and development so that the particular needs of the Army...

Th e rapid economic rise of China, India, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) could have several eff ects on regional peace and global security. Th e power transition perspective overstates the risk of confl ict that results from convergence between dominant and challenger states. Rapid changes in economic and military capabilities can, however, have negative consequences for...