backgrounds: gyrodactylus is a small monogenean ectoparasite that lives on the skin and fins of most of the world's fish species. gyrodactylus appears to be one of the most prevalent parasites found in ornamental fish, especially in cyprinids. goldfish (carassius auratus) are a popular ornamental fish that are highly contaminated by gyrodcatylus. objectives: the present study is aimed to identi...