during the recent decades, substantial changes are made in the borders and contents of physiology as a basic course for the students in medicine. here some strategies are presented to preserve the classical and integrative approaches in teaching physiology, while these approaches extent our knowledge to molecular, sub-cellular and cellular levels.

Abstract We wanted to learn about new ways of diagnosing and treating cancers that are associated with what in the UK is called ‘personalised medicine’. followed work one scientific team who use samples develop ‘liquid biopsies’, extracting tracking circulating tumour DNA. propose this ‘personalised’ monitoring involves figuration disease. Using terms developed by Erich Auerbach (1938; 1946), w...

  Purpose: Today considerable advances have been achieved in application of nano-particles.   Fullerene is one of the artificial forms of carbon element. Long life cycle of medicines in the   human body is a success factor in delivery of medicine to the specific place. Lots of nanoparticles   are being developed in this field and from a medical point of view, achieving such   goals is vital. Th...