Drug addiction is a destructive misfortune that leads to recession in all social fields. For this reason, proper treatment of addiction should be seriously considered. Formerly, the effectiveness of TENS and ICWS methods on the reduction of withdrawal syndrome signs in the rat was evaluated separately. In this study the interaction of these two methods were analyzed. For this purpose, four grou...

BACKGROUND Morphine and lidocaine are known to influence the perception of pain. The present study sought to determine the influence of local administration of morphine on lidocaine-induced analgesia in morphine non-dependent (MND), morphine dependent (MD) and morphine withdrawal (MW) animals. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control, MND, MD and MW rats. Lidocain...

Our previous studies have shown that morphine withdrawal induced an increase in the expression of protein kinase (PK) A and mitogen-activated extracellular kinase (MAPK) pathways in the heart during morphine withdrawal. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the interaction between PKA and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways mediating the cardiac adaptive ch...

the mechanisms of drug dependence and rewarding properties of opiates are not exactly known and several neurotransmitters seem to be involved. it is possible that the rennin-angiotensin system could interact with the opioid system, since it has been shown that angiotensin ii(ang) and ace inhibitors have analgesic, anticonvulsant and antidepression effects and in some cases they could antagonize...

In the present study, interactive effects of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors antagonists and different periods of lithium pretreatment on morphine dependence in mice have been investigated. This study was designed to investigate whether the hypothesis that lithium and dopaminergic mechanisms via their effects on phosphoinositide pathways and calcium flux could influence morphine withdrawal respons...

Acute morphine withdrawal is considered to be the physical manifestation of dependence, emerging when morphine administration is stopped or after the administration of an opiate antagonist, such as naloxone. Gabapentin, which is an antiepileptic, agent, enhances the analgesic effect of morphine in healthy volunteers, but its effect on morphine dependence and withdrawal signs has not determined ...

INTRODUCTION This study was designed to determine the short-term effect of acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) on symptoms of withdrawal in opiate-dependent subjects and animals and, in particular, on pain, given the efficacy of ALC in other typologies of pain. The study consists of 2 branches: a clinical study and a preclinical one, both with a randomized placebo-controlled design. METHODS Thirty subje...

Objective: Opioid dependence is a chronic and complex disorder characterized by relapse remission. Chronic administration of morphine causes symptoms physical psychological dependence. The purpose the present study was to investigate effect anti-addictive drugs such as bupropion varenicline on naloxone precipitated withdrawal syndrome in rat model. Materials Methods: To assess morphine, Wistar ...

Background: Exercise is a therapeutic procedure for addicts; however, its physiological mechanisms are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks endurance training on levels vascular endothelial growth factor and endostatin in heart tissue male rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome. Materials Methods: experimental was conducted 32 randomly divided into four...