Calves develop nasal and salivary neutralizing antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus after nasal inoculation with live virus. Nasal and salivary antibody was not detected after exposure to inactive virus. Serum antibodies were induced by live and inactive virus given subcutaneously. Passively acquired antibodies were detected as long as 7 months after birth.

The Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus (FMDV) is not a public health threat, but it is highly contagious to cloven-footed animals. The virus is shed into milk up to 33 h before there are apparent signs of the disease in dairy cows, and, in extreme cases, signs of disease may not appear for up to 14 d. During this time, raw milk can serve as a vector for spread of the disease both at the farm and duri...

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of all cloven-hoofed animals, characterized by fever and vesicle formation in the mouth and on the feet. Economically, it is the most important disease of animals in the world.1 Period. Presence of this disease in a national herd destroys all export possibilities and hinders production so severely that profits for the domestic ma...