although aristotle has considered the “universal substance” as a substance, he introduced knowledge as an accident. the question then arises as to whether a “universal substance”, whereas it is a substance, can be an accident. answering the question, ibn sina has changed the subject of the dispute from “mental substance” to “quiddity of substance”, so that he could guarantee its truth in the fo...

mulla sadra treated logos (kalam) as something that expresses the inside of the speaker, and explained that divine logos includes god’s creatures and god's action, therefore applying the word and logos to the universe is true, and according to the definition, god is speaker. mulla sadra explains the divine logos and command in three steps: superior logos i.e. the world of amr, middle logos...

the expression “corporeality of soul” in sadra’s works can be interpreted on the basis of two different views: that of corporeality origination of soul according to which the soul in its initial stages of existence is “imprinted’’ and immanent in matter. in the second view, however, the soul is of “essential relatedness” in virtue of which it has a relative being and thus is existentially relat...

Many human tragedies arise from religious extremism. This paper seeks to explain and provide an argument that the root of problem extremism lies in failure recognize essence religion its equality with humanity itself. In context Islam, through hermeneutics Mulla Shadra this attempts Qur'an, man nature are three aspects a single existential reality. introduction brought all peak their sacred per...

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suhrawardi’s thoughts and works have had an important impact on formation and developing of mulla sadra’s philosophy, especially theory of “primacy of existence”. although it seems that suhrawadi did not accept this theory, his exact view about it is not known. we can ascribe four features to him: 1. suhrawardi who believes in the primacy of quiddity, 2. suhrawardi who believes in the primacy o...