In $1994,$ degree distance  of a graph was introduced by Dobrynin, Kochetova and Gutman. And Gutman proposed the Gutman index of a graph in $1994.$ In this paper, we introduce the concepts of  multiplicative version of degree distance and the multiplicative version of Gutman index of a graph. We find the sharp upper bound for the  multiplicative version of degree distance and multiplicative ver...

‎let g=(v,e) be a simple connected graph with vertex set v and edge set e. the first, second and third zagreb indices of g are respectivly defined by: $m_1(g)=sum_{uin v} d(u)^2, hspace {.1 cm} m_2(g)=sum_{uvin e} d(u).d(v)$ and $ m_3(g)=sum_{uvin e}| d(u)-d(v)| $ , where d(u) is the degree of vertex u in g and uv is an edge of g connecting the vertices u and v. recently, the first and second m...

Using the Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability method, weinvestigate isomorphisms in Banach algebras and derivations onBanach algebras associated with the following generalized additivefunctional inequalitybegin{eqnarray}|af(x)+bf(y)+cf(z)|  le  |f(alpha x+ beta y+gamma z)| .end{eqnarray}Moreover, we prove the Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of homomorphismsin Banach algebras and of derivations on Banach ...

Analysis of TCR rearrangement profiles of well-defined thymocyte populations in a number of individual thymi provides evidence for a new pathway of lineage commitment. In all of the thymi analyzed, alphabeta thymocytes have rearrangements in the delta locus that are enhanced for out-of-frame rearrangements. Thus, not only did alphabeta thymocytes pass through a stage in differentiation that inc...

alphabeta and gammadelta T cell lineages develop in the thymus from a common precursor. It is unclear at which stage of development commitment to these lineages takes place and in which way T cell receptor signaling contributes to the process. Recently, it was demonstrated that strong TCR signals favor gammadelta lineage development, whereas weaker TCR signals promote alphabeta lineage fate. Tw...

The SH2 domain containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kD (SLP-76) is critical for pre-TCR-mediated maturation to the CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) stage in the thymus. The absolute block in SLP-76null mice at the CD4-CD8-CD44-CD25+ (double-negative 3, DN3) stage has hindered our understanding of the role of this adaptor in alphabeta TCR-mediated signal transduction in primary thymocytes and ...

In conventional alphabeta T cells, the Tec family tyrosine kinase Itk is required for signaling downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR). Itk also regulates alphabeta T cell development, lineage commitment, and effector function. A well established feature of Itk(-/-) mice is their inability to generate T helper type 2 (Th2) responses that produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13; yet these mice have spont...

To study interleukin-7 (IL-7) in early thymocyte development, we generated mice transgenic (Tg) for the IL-7 gene under control of the lck proximal promoter. Founder line TgA, with the lowest level of IL-7 overexpression, showed enhanced alphabeta T-cell development. In contrast, in the highest overexpressing founder line, TgB, alphabeta T-cell development was disturbed with a block at the earl...

Microtubules are hollow polymers of alphabeta-tubulin that show GTP-dependent assembly dynamics and comprise a critical part of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Initiation of new microtubules in vivo requires gamma-tubulin, organized as an oligomer within the 2.2-MDa gamma-tubulin ring complex (gamma-TuRC) of higher eukaryotes. Structural insight is lacking regarding gamma-tubulin, its oligomerizat...

Staphylococcus aureus is a major mastitis-causing pathogen in cattle. The chronic nature of bovine staphylococcal mastitis suggests that some products or components of S. aureus may interfere with the development of protective immunity. One class of molecules that could be involved are superantigens (SAgs). Although a significant number of mastitis isolates produce SAgs, the effect of these mol...