The human is a creature whose being is filled with instinctive and innate qualities. One of these qualities is the “Halū‘iyyat” which is noted in the Qur’ān 70:19 and discusses the sensitivity of the human to the good and the evil. There is a disagreement among the exegetes with regard to the interpretation of this verse. This article has adopted a descriptive-analytical method to examine the o...

The concept of ‘description’ has increasingly come under scrutiny in the history of science. This paper explores eighteenth-century debates over description through the case study of a scientific family in Gdańsk (the former Danzig). There, on the shores of the Baltic, physician Johann Philipp Breyne took Latin notes on naturalia, while several of his daughters drew and painted vivid representa...

Why do some places have much higher diversity than others? Explaining patterns of species diversity on the earth is a problem of long-standing for ecologists. Numerous diversity patterns have been documented [1], but the mechanisms behind these patterns remain poorly understood. If we knew the mechanisms, surer decisions in conservation and management would be possible. Understanding can be sou...

The diagnosis of pain nature is a troublesome task and a wrong attribution often leads to an increase of costs and to avoidable pharmaceutical adverse reactions. An objective and specific approach to achieve this diagnosis is highly desirable. The aim of this work was to investigate urine samples collected from patients suffering from pain of different nature by a metabolomics approach based on...

In South Korea, the Soyang Lake is an important source of drinking water to the metropolitan areas including Seoul. However, water quality problems in the Soyang Lake have still remained due to chemical contaminations attributed to conventional farming practices in the upstream areas. Based on a downstream consumer survey using a contingent valuation method, this study estimated the expected wi...

Logan [1] in his book The Extended Mind developed the hypothesis that language, culture, technology and science can be treated as organisms that evolve and reproduce themselves. This idea is extended by making use of the notion of teleodynamics that Deacon [2] introduced and developed in his book Incomplete Nature to explain the nature of life, sentience, mind and a self that acts in its own in...

The variety of natural patterns makes it difficult to analyze and compare them in a systematic manner. We address this problem by focusing on the computational aspects of pattern formation processes. They are characterized in terms of the number of morphogenetic agents, the computing capability of each agent, and the forms of information transfer between the agents and their environment. This c...