To finance transportation infrastructure and to address social and environmental negative externalities of road transports, several countries have recently introduced or consider a distance based tax on trucks. In competitive retail and transportation markets, such tax can be expected to lower the demand and thereby reduce CO2 emissions of road transports. However, as we show in this paper, suc...

We consider communication places in workflow nets, where the connected transitions lie in parallel threads. When a workflow Petri net is constructed structurally, by means of refinements, such places cannot be modeled structurally. They are added after the net is constructed. Workflow nets constructed in a structural manner are sound, but addition of such communication places can result in losi...

ii Danksagung iii 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Petri-Netze 2 1.3 Aufgabenstellung und Beitrag 4 1.4 Aufbau der Arbeit 6 2 Modellierung von Fertigungssystemen 8 2.1 Anforderungen und Problemstellungen 8 2.2 Ein Beispiel-Fertigungssystem 11 2.3 Klassische Stochastische Petri-Netze 15 2.4 Farbige Petri-Netze 18 2.5 Andere Beschreibungsmittel 21 2.6 Einordnung der Arbeit 23 3 Modellierung vo...

There is currently much interest in producing biofuel-based transportation fuels. However, since biofuel is a limited renewable resource, it is important to assess whether such fuels are both produced and used as efficiently as possible. Efficient production can be achieved in the future by integrated biorefinery operations at pulp mill sites, co-producing pulp and biofuel-based energy products...

In this paper, we consider hands-off control via minimization of the CLOT (Combined L-One and Two) norm. The maximum hands-off control is the L-optimal (or the sparsest) control among all feasible controls that are bounded by a specified value and transfer the state from a given initial state to the origin within a fixed time duration. In general, the maximum hands-off control is a bang-off-ban...

We estimate CO2 implicitly contained in traded commodities based on the GTAP 7 data: While net carbon imports into the industrialized countries amount to 15% of their total emissions, net carbon exports of the developing countries amount to 12% of their total emissions, and net carbon exports of China amount to 24% of China's total emissions. We also analyze policies under a global per capita e...

We show how a simple hierarchical tree called a cover tree can be turned into an asymptotically more efficient one known as a net-tree in linear time. We also introduce two linear-time operations to manipulate cover trees called coarsening and refining. These operations make a trade-off between tree height and the node degree.

developing electrical energy is one of the basic needs for development, so equipping the rural regions and villiages is one of the main responisiblities of thirdworld countries. in this study, we used economic evaluation indexes to compare electrification to baghtaj village by power grid expansion and application of solar photovoltaic systems. economic evaluation indexes suggests that in the ab...