Cosmic-rays are ubiquitous, but their origins are surprisingly difficult to understand. A review is presented of some of the basic issues common to cosmic particle accelerators and arguments leading to the likely importance of diffusive shock acceleration as a general explanation. The basic theory of diffusive shock acceleration is outlined, followed by a discussion of some of the key issues th...

As part of a larger study of carbon dioxide and energy exchange, energy components in an open-canopied juniper–sagebrush ecosystem located in the semi-arid region of Eastern Oregon were measured with the eddy covariance technique. Daytime net radiation averaged 20–30% greater than the sum of sensible, latent and soil heat fluxes. On cloudless days several days after a rain event the imbalance w...

Solar diffuse radiation data including global radiation, shortwave and longwave balances, net radiation and sunshine hours have been extensively analyzed to study the variation of diffuse radiation with turbidity and cloud discharges appearing in the form of atmospherics over the tropics. Results of surface radiation measurements at Calcutta, Poona, Delhi and Madras are presented together with ...

A macroscopic theory for the dynamics of elastic, isotropic matter in presence of electromagnetic fields is proposed here. We avail of Gordon’s general relativistic derivation of Abraham’s electromagnetic energy tensor as starting point. The necessary description of the elastic and of the inertial behaviour of matter is provided through a fourdimensional generalisation of Hooke’s law, made poss...

We show that certain divisors of Brill-Noether and Gieseker-Petri type span extremal rays of the effective cone in the moduli space of stable genus one curves with n ordered marked points. In particular, they are different from the infinitely many extremal rays found in [CC].

In the original article, there was an error at following phrase, page 4 line 394, section 2.1: “For example, Roser et al. [117] use CNN, in particular a U-Net, to compute first-order dose exposure of patients (i.e., without considering scattered radiation) due image-guided x-ray procedures.”A correction has been made :“For U-Net fed with first order fluence maps computed by fast ray-casting est...

We present a simple model of adaptive radiation in evolution based on species competition. Competition is found to promote species divergence and branching, and to dampen the net species production. In the model simulations, high taxonomic diversification and branching take place during the beginning of the radiation. The results show striking similarities with empirical data and highlight the ...

Introduction Closing the surface energy budget (SEB) is one of the longest outstanding problems in micro-meteorology. At the earth’s surface the net radiation (QN), consisting of the budget of shortwave incoming (K), shortwave outgoing (K), longwave incoming (L) and longwave outgoing radiation (L), should be balanced by the transport of heat into the soil (G) and to the atmosphere in the form o...

We study the effects of unparticle physics on the cosmic ray photon and e, including on the pair production (PP) and elastic scattering (ES) of cosmic ray photon off various background radiations, and on the inverse Compton scattering of cosmic ray e with cosmic radiations. We compute the spin-averaged amplitudes squared of three processes and find that the advent of unparticle will never signi...

[1] This paper synthesizes a variety of atmospheric and oceanic data to examine the large-scale energy budget of the Arctic. Assessment of the atmospheric budget relies primarily on the ERA-40 reanalysis. The seasonal cycles of vertically integrated atmospheric energy storage and the convergence of energy transport from ERA-40, as evaluated for the polar cap (defined by the 70 N latitude circle...