Assessment of the risk for the development of age-related macular degeneration requires reliable detection and quantitative mapping of retinal abnormalities that are considered as precursors of the disease. Typical signs for the latter are the so-called drusen that appear as abnormal white-yellow deposits on the retina. Segmentation of these features using conventional image analysis methods is...

The most characteristic ocular lesions in pseudoxanthoma elasticum are the angioid streaks which may be seen in about 85 per cent. of cases. The associated features in the fundus are a peculiar mottled appearance (Shimizu, I96I), peau d'orange (Smith, Gass, and Justice, I964), and yellowish-white spots (salmon spots). While most subjects showing angioid streaks have pseudoxanthoma elasticum, cl...

A method is described which enables the fundus camera to be focused objectively. This method eliminates the focus errors arising from the subjective focusing method currently used and permits the consistent attainment of high resolution fundus photographs. The objective focusing method has been evaluated on test targets and anesthetized animals and is applicable for use on unanesthetized human...

PURPOSE Diabetic retinopathy is diagnosed by fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanning. However, adaptive optics (AO) imaging can be expected to add new aspects to the knowledge of diabetic retinopathy because photographic resolution is improved by reducing the influence of optical aberrations on retinal imaging. METHODS Nineteen patients with diabetes mellitus were s...

AIMS To assess the portability and clinical applicability of a software program based on Photoshop (Adobe Systems Inc, San Jose, CA, USA) for digital drusen quantification. METHODS Independent graders from the Digital Fundus Photo Reading Center of Columbia University and King's College Hospital used macular background levelling software to quantify the percentage of drusen in the central and...

Ocular fundus imaging plays a key role in monitoring the health status of the human eye. Currently, a large number of imaging modalities allow the assessment and/or quantification of ocular changes from a healthy status. This review focuses on the main digital fundus imaging modality, color fundus photography, with a brief overview of complementary techniques, such as fluorescein angiography. W...

Fluorescein angiography is a clinical diagnostic test procedure in which rapid-sequence photography is performed after intravenous injection of sodium fluorescein. The procedure allows the documentation of the retinal circulation. Of equal importance is the ability of the angiogram to outline the entire retinal vascular bed. Previous clinical methods of examination of the fundus enabled the phy...

BACKGROUND Syphilitic chorioretinitis can produce severe vision loss. However, the clinical manifestations of syphilitic chorioretinitis are still unclear, particularly during different stages. Herein, we will present our diagnostic technique for syphilitic chorioretinitis. METHODS This retrospective study recruited 109 cases; we performed a clinical evaluation including case history, serolog...

Ocular fundus examination is a fundamental component of the neurologic examination. Finding papilledema in headache patients or retinal arterial emboli in stroke patients can be extremely useful. Although examination of the ocular fundus with a direct ophthalmoscope is an important skill for all neurologists, it is rarely and unreliably performed. Nonmydriatic ocular fundus photography, which a...

We report retinal structural changes of a 37-year-old man diagnosed with the concomitant occlusion of cilioretinal artery and central retinal vein. Comprehensive ophthalmological evaluation was performed, followed by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT, Heidelberg), optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT angiography, Optovue Inc., Fremont, California, USA), fluorescein a...