In this paper is presented an overview of the technological barriers faced by the in vivo brain analysis with microelectrodes. Numerous microsensors and enzymatic microbiosensors have been developed for the real time monitoring of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, drugs and diverse other biological relevant substances. A clear understanding of the working principle, advantages and limitations...

The brain uses a strategy of labor division, which may allow it to accomplish more elaborate and complicated tasks, but in turn, imposes a requirement for central control to integrate information among different brain areas. Anatomically, the divergence of long-range neuromodulator projections appears well-suited to coordinate communication between brain areas. Oscillatory brain activity is a p...

Intracellular signaling with cyclic nucleotides are ubiquitous pathways, yet the dynamics of these signals profoundly differ in different cell types. Biosensor imaging experiments, by providing direct measurements intact cellular environment, reveal which receptors activated neuromodulators and how coincidence is integrated at various levels cascade. Phosphodiesterases appear as one important d...

The present report discusses the immune and clearance system of central nervous (CNS) in terms its anatomical, physiological, biochemical properties. There is now a growing body evidence that progressive dysfunction meningeal lymphatic should be considered as risk factor for aging-related brain disorders. In addition, activity lymphatics may alter access CSF-carried neuromodulators to parenchym...

In the early 21st century, members of the medical community have been both witnesses to and participants in significant changes in the field of aesthetic surgery and medicine, including nonsurgical facial rejuvenation. Although some of dermal fillers were available prior to 2000, their indications were primarily therapeutic. Now, various categories of dermal fillers exist, including hyaluronic ...

Any unanticipated threat to survival triggers an immediate sequence of events in the brain that culminate in a coordinated neural, endocrine and behavioural response. There is increasing evidence that stress itself modifies neural circuits. In other words, neural stress circuits learn from stress. This self-teaching is surprising as one might expect these essential circuits to be hard-wired. Ou...