Calcium (Ca(2+)) plays fundamental and diversified roles in neuronal plasticity. As second messenger of many signaling pathways, Ca(2+) as been shown to regulate neuronal gene expression, energy production, membrane excitability, synaptogenesis, synaptic transmission, and other processes underlying learning and memory and cell survival. The flexibility of Ca(2+) signaling is achieved by modifyi...

A decline in learning and memory is a feature of the normal aging process and associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, certain forms of dementia and memory loss are inevitable due to the normal aging process. The unavoidable effect of age on memory is an ongoing study, as the findings assist in identifying cortical functions of the brain. Hi...

All of us are familiar with the negative impact of interference on achieving our task goals. We are referring to interference by information, which either impinges on our senses from an external environmental source or is internally generated by our thoughts. Informed by more than a decade of research on the cognitive and neural processing of interference, we have developed a framework for unde...

This study aimed to explore the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on physiologically aging adults performing a naming task. tDCS is a method that modulates human cortical excitability. Neuroplasticity is considered to have its foundation in cortical excitability as a property that adjusts the connection strength between neurons in the brain. Language efficiency, as all f...

Cognitive aging is associated with a decline in cognitive control functions (Daniels et al., 2006), including working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility (Miyake et al., 2000). Given that impairments in cognitive control are associated with impaired functioning in daily life (Burgess et al., 1998), numerous cognitive training studies aimed at improving cognitive control in older indiv...

Calcium is required for the function of all cells in the body, including neurons. Considerable research has described the function of calcium in the regulation of numerous processes including neurotransmitter release, cytoarchitecture and growth, and activation of enzyme systems including kinases and phosphatases. Calcium is intimately involved in a variety of “plastic” changes in the brain. Fo...

Aging leads to progressive deterioration of physiological function and diminished responses to environmental stress. Organic and functional alterations are frequently observed in elderly subjects. Although chronic sleep loss is observed during senescence, little is known about the impact of insufficient sleep on cellular function in aging neurons. Disruption of neuronal calcium (Ca²⁺) signaling...

Calcium is required for the function of all cells in the body, including neurons. Considerable research has described the function of calcium in the regulation of numerous processes including neurotransmitter release, cytoarchitecture and growth, and activation of enzyme systems including kinases and phosphatases. Calcium is intimately involved in a variety of “plastic” changes in the brain. Fo...

Elderly exhibit accumulating deficits in visual motion perception, which is critical for humans to interact with their environment. Previous studies have suggested that aging generally reduces neuronal inhibition in the visual system. Here, we investigated how aging affects the local intra-cortical inhibition using a motion direction discrimination task based on the motion repulsion phenomenon....

Mitochondria play fundamental roles within cells, including energy provision, calcium homeostasis, and the regulation of apoptosis. The transport of mitochondria by microtubule-based motors is critical for neuronal structure and function. This process allows local requirements for mitochondrial functions to be met and also facilitates recycling of these organelles [1, 2]. An age-related reducti...