Brain edema is a serious complication in ischemic stroke because even relatively small changes in brain volume can compromise cerebral blood flow or result in compression of vital brain structures on account of the fixed volume of the rigid skull. Literature data indicate that administration of either antagonists of the V1 vasopressin (AVP) receptor or the β1-adrenergic receptor are able to red...

GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult nervous system, evokes depolarizing membrane responses in immature neurons, which are crucial for the generation of early network activity. Although it is well accepted that depolarizing GABA actions are caused by an elevated intracellular Cl- concentration ([Cl-]i), the mechanisms of Cl- accumulation in immature neurons are still a matter...

During development, activation of Cl -permeable GABAA receptors (GABAA-R) excites neurons as a result of elevated intracellular Cl levels and a depolarized Cl equilibrium potential (ECl). GABA becomes inhibitory as net outward neuronal transport of Cl develops in a caudal-rostral progression. In line with this caudal-rostral developmental pattern, GABAergic anticonvulsant compounds inhibit moto...

The basally located actin cytoskeleton has been demonstrated previously to regulate Cl-secretion from intestinal epithelia via its effects on the Na+-K+-2Cl-cotransporter (NKCC1). In nontransporting epithelia, inhibition of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) prevents cell-shrinkage-induced activation of NKCC1. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of myosin in the regulation of secret...

We thank Hertz et al. for their comments and suggestions in this issue regarding alternative mechanisms that might be involved in the apparent coupling of K + and water in brain extracellular space (ECS). The mechanism examined in our model (Jin et al., 2013) is based on simple physical chemistry: uptake of ECS K + after release from neurons produces an osmotic driving force for water uptake by...

This review summarizes the data on the functional significance of ubiquitous (NKCC1) and renal-specific (NKCC2) isoforms of electroneutral sodium, potassium and chloride cotransporters. These carriers contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension via regulation of intracellular chloride concentration in vascular smooth muscle and neuronal cells and via sensing chloride concentration in the ren...

NA -K -2CL COTRANSPORTERS (NKCCs) belong to the superfamily of Cl -coupled carriers and provide electroneutral symport of Na , K , and Cl . Two NKCC isoforms have been cloned from vertebrate cDNA libraries. NKCC2 is exclusively expressed in the apical membranes of thick ascending limb and macula densa and plays a major role in renal handling of salt and osmotically obliged water. In contrast, N...

In eutherian mammals, fluid secretion is essential for intestinal function. This is driven by electrogenic Cl(-) secretion, which involves a NaK2Cl cotransporter (NKCC1) in the enterocyte basolateral membrane and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in the apical membrane. However, in the possum ileum, NKCC1 expression is low and secretagogues stimulate electrogenic HC...

Wnk kinase maintains cell volume, regulating various transporters such as sodium-chloride cotransporter, potassium-chloride cotransporter, and sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) through the phosphorylation of oxidative stress responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) and STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK). However, the activating mechanism of Wnk kinase in specific tissues an...

glioblastoma is considered as the most aggressive type of gliomas. its invasive character involves adjacent tissues and hinders the treatment procedure. although surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy have been the standard therapeutic protocol, the incompetency of detection methods to delineate the exact tumor margins results in recurrence of the tumor. nkcc1 (sodium-pota...