the imaging assessment of nodal disease can be challenging for the radiologist because there are multiple sites to review and differing opinions about criteria for abnormal nodes. the ability to accurately detect nodal metastases is improved with knowledge of the criteria for abnormal nodes, the nodal drainage patterns, and common imaging pitfalls. in this article, we introduce these basic conc...

OBJECTIVE Mediastinal nodal metastasis is related to poor prognosis in surgically resected non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the prognosis becomes worse with an increasing number of nodal stations involved. However, intra-operative designation of each nodal station might be difficult and confusing because of the adjacency of the nodal stations, and this may cause inaccurate nodal staging. ...

Morphogen signaling is critical for the growth and patterning of tissues in embryos and adults, but how morphogen signaling gradients are generated in tissues remains controversial. The morphogen Nodal was proposed to form a long-range signaling gradient via a reaction-diffusion system, on the basis of differential diffusion rates of Nodal and its antagonist Lefty. Here we use a specific zebraf...

Background: Immunophenotyping in the rare group of nodal Peripheral T-cell Lymphomas (PTCL) exposes interesting features such as T-cell marker downregulation and paradoxically, the presence of reactive, clustered large-sized CD20 positive B-cells (B-cell proliferation). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been suggested as a putative etiology in pathogenesis of B-cell lymphoma. We aimed to review the ...

Nodal, a secreted signaling protein from the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-super family plays a vital role during early embryonic development. Recently, it was found that maternal decidua-specific Nodal knockout mice show intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preterm birth. The chromosomal location of NODAL is in the same linkage area as the placental (fetal) pre-eclampsia (PE) s...

Nodal activity in the left lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) is required to activate left-sided Nodal signaling in the epithalamic region of the zebrafish forebrain. Epithalamic Nodal signaling subsequently determines the laterality of neuroanatomical asymmetries. We show that overactivation of Wnt/Axin1/beta-catenin signaling during late gastrulation leads to bilateral epithalamic expression of Nod...

CTG•CAG repeat expansions cause at least twelve inherited neurological diseases. Expansions require the presence, not the absence, of the mismatch repair protein MutSβ (Msh2-Msh3 heterodimer). To evaluate properties of MutSβ that drive expansions, previous studies have tested under-expression, ATPase function or polymorphic variants of Msh2 and Msh3, but in disparate experimental systems. Addit...

We demonstrated previously that the activation of ALK7 (activin receptor-like kinase-7), a member of the type I receptor serine/threonine kinases of the TGF-β superfamily, resulted in increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation through suppression of Akt signaling and the activation of Smad2-dependent signaling pathway in pancreatic β-cells. Here, we show that Nodal activates ALK7 signaling a...

Nodal signaling induces the formation of the endoderm and mesoderm during gastrulation. Nodal expression persists until the definitive endoderm progenitor has completely formed, and disappears thereafter. A tightly regulated Nodal expression system is essential for the differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells into distinct tissue lineages. On this basis, we established an ES cell differenti...