Train localization is safety-critical and therefore the approach requires a continuous availability and a track-selective accuracy. A probabilistic approach is followed up in order to cope with multiple sensors, measurement errors, imprecise information, and hidden variables as the topological position within the track network.The nonlinear estimation of the train localization posterior is addr...

Introduction: Adiabatic full passage (AFP) pulses are well known for their immunity to the B1 inhomogeneity [1], and have been applied in many areas of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and MRI, such as signal sensitivity enhancement and sharp volume boundary definition [2-4]. However, the application of selective AFP refocusing pulses has been limited by the inherent nonlinear phase disper...

Abstract With the rapid development of economy and technology, people’s quality life has been continuously improved, which also makes people put forward higher requirements for transportation. As far as railway transportation is concerned, running speed route trains in past gradually failed to meet travel needs. Automatic train operation system (ATO), under protection automatic system, realizes...

We report a simple method to exploit the typical properties of solitons on a finite background in order to generate high-repetition-rate and high-quality optical pulse trains. We take advantage of the nonlinear evolution of a modulated continuous wave toward localized structures upon a nonzero background wave in anomalous dispersive fiber. After a stage of nonlinear compression, a delay-line in...

Neural noise sets a limit to information transmission in sensory systems. In several areas, the spiking response (to a repeated stimulus) has shown a higher degree of regularity than predicted by a Poisson process. However, a simple model to explain this low variability is still lacking. Here we introduce a new model, with a correction to Poisson statistics, which can accurately predict the reg...

In this paper we introduce the problem of shunting passenger train units in a railway station. Shunting occurs whenever train units are temporarily not necessary to operate a given timetable. We discuss several aspects of this problem and focus on two subproblems. We propose mathematical models for these subproblems together with a solution method based on column generation. Furthermore, a new ...

Implementation of highway-rail level crossing warning systems, educational programs and research on crossings have all contributed to a steady reduction in the risk of level crossings to North American highway users over the past several decades. Much less attention has been given to understanding the effect of level crossings on train safety and risk. Incidents at highway-rail level crossings ...

Using back-propagation and its variants to train deep networks is often problematic for new users. Issues such as exploding gradients, vanishing gradients, and high sensitivity to weight initialization strategies often make networks difficult to train. Here, we present Local Representation Alignment (LRA), a training procedure that is much less sensitive to bad initializations, does not require...