Delivery of an optimally grown, viable infant defines a successful pregnancy. Optimal growth is achieved by the interaction of maternal, placental, and fetal systems to deliver maternal nutrients to the placenta, transfer them to the fetus, and maximize their utilization for fetal growth. Pregnancy is characterized by profound changes in thematernal immune,metabolic, cardiovascular, and renal s...

Ultrasound has been in clinical use in the field of obstetrics since 1978. With advances in technology, there has been improvement in resolution, allowing for far better imaging of the fetus. This together with new developments in the field of screening for pregnancy disorders has lead to a change in the clinical application of ultrasound in the care of routine low risk pregnant women. Techniqu...

We present a case of inferior conjunction in a rare type of conjoined twins, dicephalus in a male fetus. The male fetus was born to a 24-year-old, gravida 2, and para 0, who had medical abortion at 15 weeks of gestation due to anencephaly with meningoencephalocele revealed by ultrasound examination. The fetus was born with 2 anencephalic heads with a bifurcation of the vertebral column and pres...

A 40-year-old, primigravid woman presented at 23 weeks of gestation for evaluation of an extra-abdominal echogenic cystic mass of the fetus. Amniocentesis revealed a karyotype of 46,XX. Prenatal ultrasound showed a two-vessel umbilical cord, hydrocolpos, and distended bladder, urethra, and colon, and a perineal cystic mass. The kidneys and amniotic fluid amount were normal. Fetal magnetic reson...

Chromosomal analysis of amniotic cell culture revealed an extra euchromatic band in the variable heterochromatin region 9q12. Cytogenetic analysis of the fetus was compared with the chromosomes of the parents. Using different cytogenetic banding techniques and fluorescence in situ hybridization with specific DNA probes, the structural rearrangements involved were considered. The very rare varia...

A 41-year old pregnant woman underwent amniocentesis to conduct a conventional karyotyping analysis; the analysis reported an abnormal karyotype: 46, XY, add(9)(p24). Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) is utilized in prenatal diagnoses. A single nucleotide polymorphism microarray revealed a male fetus with balanced chromosomal translocations on 9p and balanced chromosomal rearrangements, but...

Fetal movements (FM) are an expression of the physiologic activity of the fetus. During recent years, several reports have shown that a "normal" pattern of FM is related to the fetal well-being. .In situations of intrauterine distress, the incidence of FM changes (1,2). However, in most of the reported studies, the results are based ön the mothers' subjective evaluation of FM. Such a recording ...

Key points Human placental function is evaluated using non‐invasive Doppler ultrasound of umbilical and uterine artery pulsatility indices as measures resistance in vascular beds, while measurement oxygen consumption ( ) only possible during Caesarean delivery. This study shows the feasibility magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utero to measure blood flow content vessels calculate delivery by gra...

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) is a human disorder in which an individual's genetic sex (genotype) differs from that individual's observable secondary sex characteristics (phenotypes). A fetus [4] with AIS is genetically male with a 46,XY genotype. The term 46,XY refers to the chromosomes found in most cells of the fetus [4]. Most cells have a total of 46 autosomes, or non-sex chromosome...