INTRODUCTION Accurate morphometric characterization of the lumbar spinal canal is important in understanding low back disorders such as lumbar spinal stenosis. Current conventional methods measuring the AP diameter of the canal, a common parameter for defining the canal, use practical and clinically available methods where patient CT scans are analyzed in 2D. This method, however, does not take...

STUDY DESIGN This retrospective study evaluates two groups of patients with scoliosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, treated with two different surgical stabilization methods. OBJECTIVE To determine whether fixation to the sacropelvis is always necessary for adequate stabilization of scoliosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Pelvic fixation is generally recommen...

Studies on human perception have identified pelvis and torso motion as key discriminators between male and female gaits. However, while most observers would advocate that men and women walk differently, consistent findings and explanations of sex differences in gait kinematics across modern empirical studies are rare. In the present study we evaluated sex differences in whole body gait kinemati...

Background: Deficits in upper body movement have received little attention during gait in cerebral palsy (CP) children with crouch gait pattern (CGP).Objective: Purpose of this research is to describe the correlation of trunk movement with the excessive knee flexion and ankle kinematic in CP children with CGP.Methods: Gait analysis data from 57 limbs of diplegic CP children with CGP and 26 limb...

We present results from a fully relativistic Monte Carlo simulation of diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) in unmodified (i.e., test-particle) shocks. The computer code uses a single algorithmic sequence to smoothly span the range from nonrelativistic speeds to fully relativistic shocks of arbitrary obliquity, providing a powerful consistency check. We show the dependence of the particle spectru...

Kirchhoff diffraction formulations that use the wave front and the aperture plane for the surfaces of integration were compared. The full Kirchhoff obliquity factor terms distinguishing these two formulations are presented for spherical waves and for Gaussian laser beams. When they are used, identical results are obtained for the two formulations in both the spherical-wave and the Gaussian lase...

Abstract The ratio of total losses H and O from the atmosphere is crucial for determining Martian atmospheric redox state. escapes are shown to be regulated in a stoichiometric 2:1 converged model present-day Mars over timescale ∼10 5 yr, which called self-regulation. Self-regulation timescales under different conditions on early not well understood. Here we use 1D photochemical calculate self-...