Privacy related properties in electronic voting are naturally expressed as indistinguishability properties. This motivates the study of observational equivalence, as well as static equivalence in the context of the AVOTÉ project. In this report we survey the existing results on the computational soundness of symbolic indistinguishability relations in the presence of a passive adversary, for whi...

In this note, we present a proof of Π2-completeness of contextual equivalence of Turing machines via a reduction of the language FIN to contextual inequivalence. FIN is the language of encodings 〈Mi〉 of Turing machines Mi for which the set Wi of inputs on which Mi halts (or the set of accepting inputs of Mi) is finite. FIN is known to be Σ 0 2-complete.

This study was an unobtrusive observational analysis of 333 older and younger bus passengers in Guadalajara, Mexico. A set of data were collected for each observed passenger, as well as more general observations related to driver behaviour, bus design and bus service characteristics. There were significant differences between older and younger passengers in terms of boarding and alighting times...

There are results which show that measure-theoretic deterministic models and stochastic models are observationally equivalent. Thus there is a choice between a deterministic and an indeterministic model and the question arises: Which model is preferable relative to evidence? If the evidence equally supports both models, there is underdetermination. This paper first distinguishes between differe...

We present experimental evidence suggesting that observational learning (i.e., learning-by-notdoing but by observing) may outperform learning-by-doing.  2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. JEL classification: C91; D83

background: during the last decades, to assess the risk factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (wmsds), enormous observational methods have been developed. rapid entire body assessment (reba) and quick exposure check (qec) are two general methods in this field. this study aimed to compare ergonomic risk assessment outputs from qec and reba in terms of agreement in distribution of pos...