This article focuses on three themes concerning determinism and indeterminism. The first theme is observational equivalence between deterministic and indeterministic models. Here I discuss several results about observational equivalence and present an argument on how to choose between deterministic and indeterministic models involving indirect evidence. The second theme is whether Newtonian phy...

In this appendix we consider a procedure to assess quantitatively whether the expressive or strategic voting model is more appropriate for the state supreme court voting data used in this paper. As we remarked in the main text, for a given set of cases, the first-stage likelihood function for the votes is identical for both the expressive and strategic voting models, and in this sense the two m...

3 Logical Relation Proofs 15 3.1 Basic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.1.1 Properties of Step-Indexed Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.1.2 Approximation Yields Valid Semantic Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.1.3 World Extension and Store Satisfaction Properties . . ...

We provide a very simple model of a reeective facility based on the pure-calculus, and we show that its theory of contextual equivalence is trivial: two terms in the language are contextually equivalent ii they are-congruent.

data extraction primary outcomes were incidence, prevalence, or odds ratio of having osteoporosis, defined as bone mineral density t-score < -2.5 sd. results of 353 articles, 344 articles were excluded, 9 underwent full-length review and data were extracted from 7 studies consisting of 113,558 patients. finally, 3 extracted studies were included in the meta-analysis of osteoporosis. among cohor...