BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ocular manifestation is one of the frequent signs of an acute attack in multiple sclerosis (MS), although primary position upbeat nystagmus (PPUN) is rare. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of PPUN in MS and to determine the lesions that are responsible for this sign. METHODS The medical records of 120 MS patients with acute brain lesions were revi...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The oculomotor periphery was classically regarded as a simple mechanism executing complex behaviors specified explicitly by neural commands. A competing view has emerged that many important aspects of ocular motility are properties of the extraocular muscles and their associated connective tissue pulleys. This review considers current concepts regarding aspects of ocular motil...

The primary purpose of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is to allow clear vision during walking and other faster movements. These occur at frequencies greater than 1 Hz. Other oculo-motor systems, such as smooth pursuit and optokinetic, respond poorly at these higher frequencies. The VOR functions as the major oculo-motor system responsible for maintaining visual fixation during faster head mo...

Introduction: The diagnosis and management of ocular motor nerve dysfunction varies according to the age of the patient, characteristics of the ocular motor nerve palsies, and presence of associated symptoms and signs. Purpose of the Study: To analyse the various etiology, clinical presentations, recovery pattern in patients with third, fourth, and six cranial nerve palsies in Indian population...

The aim of this study was to explore the plasticity of fixation in patients with central vision loss. Most of these patients use preferred retinal loci (PRLs) in the healthy eccentric part of the retina to fixate, but fixation stability and retinal location are not always optimal for best visual performance. This study examined whether fixation stability and a new PRL location can be trained an...

Ocular trauma can occur from isolated facial trauma or in major blunt trauma such as motor vehicle accidents or falls. Despite the etiology of the injury, a thorough evaluation is important but may often be difficult if severe swelling is present. Recently, emergency ultrasound has seen the use of ocular ultrasound to evaluate visual changes and trauma. Literature suggests that unsuspected and ...

Accurate ocular motility recordings were made of the saccadic responses of five patients with Eaton-Lambert syndrome (ELS). It was found that, contrary to common belief, the ocular motor system is affected. The saccades of ELS patients mimicked those of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). Both groups exhibited hypometria and multiple, closely spaced saccades. Two patients demonstrated both sa...