While the effects of legal and institutional arrangements on political participation are well documented, little attention has been given to the potential participatory effects of one of the United States’ most important electoral laws: constitutionally mandated reapportionment. By severing the ties between constituents and their incumbents, we argue, redistricting raises information costs, lea...

Results from an instrumental method for determining the presence of the earthy, muddy or bluegreen off-flavor in catfish were compared with those of four professional flavor checkers. Solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were used to detect the off-flavor compounds, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin. The odor threshold for an average flavor checker was determined to...

This paper investigates the impact of price limits on the Brazilian futures markets using high frequency data. The aim is to identify whether there is a cool-off or a magnet effect. For that purpose, we examine a tick-by-tick data set that includes all contracts on the São Paulo stock index futures traded on the Brazilian Mercantile and Futures Exchange from January 1997 to December 1999. The r...

The quantum capacity of a memoryless channel determines the maximal rate at which we can communicate reliably over asymptotically many uses of the channel. Here we illustrate that this asymptotic characterization is insufficient in practical scenarios where decoherence severely limits our ability to manipulate large quantum systems in the encoder and decoder. In practical settings, we should in...

Off label prescribing—that is, prescribing a medicine for an indication not listed in the product information, or for a patient outside the approved age range—is common, but controversial. On the one hand, it can promote clinical innovation and provide options for patients for whom no other alternatives are available. On the other hand, it can be harmful, because safety data are often lacking; ...

We study the problem of secondary frequency regulation where ancillary services are provided via load-side participation. In particular, we consider on-off loads that switch when prescribed frequency thresholds are exceeded in order to assist existing secondary frequency control mechanisms. We show that system stability is not compromised despite the switching nature of the loads. However, such...

Recent advances have enabled the demonstration of record high-performance atomically thin n-type indium oxide (In2O3) field-effect transistors with low thermal budget suitable for back-end-of-line logic or memory applications. By using ultra-thin layers In2O3, its degenerate carrier density is suppressed so that it can be modulated by conventional dielectric gating. These devices high on-curren...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE During off-pump coronary bypass grafting, surgical manipulation and dislocation of the heart may cause cardiovascular instability. Monitoring of cardiac output facilitates intraoperative haemodynamic management but pulmonary artery catheters are often considered too invasive. Pulse contour analysis and transoesophageal echocardiography could serve as alternatives, but t...