capital market is one of the most important sectors of every economy. economic growth can lead to capital market boom and development, on the other hand, achieving desired economic growth and development is impossible without efficient financial institution and suitable funding resources. in this study the relationship between financial development and economic growth in opec countries and non-...

In the 1980s, Turkey initiated a liberalization and deregulation movement to introduce competition to its domestic markets and to transform the Turkish economy from an import substituting economy to export-based one. The aim was to institutionalize economic change through transition to the economic institutions of capitalism. However, the traditional institutional structure had resisted the pro...

We show that to cubic order double field theory is encoded in Yang-Mills theory. To this end we use algebraic structures from string as follows: The ${L}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}$-algebra of the tensor product $\mathcal{K}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathfrak{g}$ Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ gauge group and a ``kinematic algebra'' $\mathcal{K}$ ${C}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}$-algebra. This structure induces ...

This paper contributes to the discussion of role that terrorism plays in oil production and prices literature by studying dynamics terrorist attacks OPEC. To this purpose, we use techniques based on fractional integration, cointegration VAR (FCVAR) wavelet analysis. Monthly data related OPEC production, basket crude from January 1970 December 2018 are used. The results, using integration techni...

In political science, one issue still in need of greater theorizing is the proper measurement bureaucratic autonomy, that is, degree discretion principals should grant to agents. This article reviews literature on autonomy both US administrative law and science. It uses American experience define five mechanisms by which limit then goes survey comparative other democratic systems using framewor...