The nonlinear optical and optoelectronic properties of graphene with the emphasis on the processes of harmonic generation, frequency mixing, photon drag and photogalvanic effects as well as generation of photocurrents due to coherent interference effects, are reviewed. The article presents the state-of-the-art of this subject, including both recent advances and well-established results. Various...

We propose and demonstrate a method for determining the two-time photon-number correlations of an optical field on ultrafast time scales. The method, which uses dual-pulse, phase-averaged, balanced-homodyne detection, is sensitive at the single-photon level and can have a quantum efficiency approaching 100%. Using this method we have determined the two-time, photon-number correlations on subpic...

NASA communications roadmaps look to space based optical communications to fulfill future high data rate link requirements with minimal spacecraft burden and freedom from current RF spectrum restrictions. Efficient optical links for data rates from 10’s to over 1000 megabits per second require complementary and synchronized development of numerous subsystem technologies. We report recent develo...

General p-i-n solar cell structures are suitable hosts for regions where quantum effects might occur; excess photo-carriers can be developed in quantum traps (quantum wells) grown along the direction of the cell (from p to n region). The cell absorbs at two different wavelengths (a) the host (Ehost=hc/λhost band-gap) and (b) the optical gap wavelength (Esolar-photon=hc/λoptical gap). The optica...

Classical optical lithography is diffraction limited to writing features of a size lambda/2 or greater, where lambda is the optical wavelength. Using nonclassical photon-number states, entangled N at a time, we show that it is possible to write features of minimum size lambda/(2N) in an N-photon absorbing substrate. This result allows one to write a factor of N2 more elements on a semiconductor...

We propose a simple probabilistic optical gate to expand polarization entangled W states. The gate uses one polarization-dependent beamsplitter and a horizontally polarized single photon as an ancilla. The gate post-selectively expands N -photon W states to (N + 1)-photon W states. A feasibility analysis considering the realistic experimental conditions show that the scheme is within the reach ...

We have realized optical excitation, trapping, and detection of the radioisotope $^{81}\mathrm{Kr}$ with an isotopic abundance 0.9 ppt. The 124 nm light needed for production metastable atoms is generated by a resonant discharge lamp. Photon transport through optically thick krypton gas inside lamp simulated optimized to enhance both brightness resonance. achieve state-of-the-art loading rate $...

Using the observed temperature dependence of a-Si:H photon absorption spectrum and the weak-phonon interaction second-order transition theory, phonon-coupling enhanced photon absorption is predicted for a-Si-Ge and a-Si-Sn alloys. The ab initio calculated electron and phonon properties of the alloyed amorphous phase show minimally altered electronic states and significant redshifted phonon ener...

We report a new time-resolved optical measurement method which combines single photon counting and the spread spectrum time-resolved optical measurement method. A laser diode modulated with pseudo-random bit sequences replaces the short pulse laser used in conventional time-resolved optical systems, while a single photon detector records the pulse sequence in response to the modulated excitatio...