In the present study, the aim is to optimize full and half toroidal continuously variable transmission (CVT) in order to minimize the vehicle fuel consumption (FC) in ECE driving cycle. First, the model of both CVTs’ efficiency is presented. The control strategy of CVTs speed ratio based on minimizing the vehicle FC is introduced, and the algorithm of calculating the vehicle FC is shown. Afterw...

BACKGROUND Several studies have reported an association between asthma and gastro-oesophageal reflux, but it is unclear which condition develops first. The role of obesity in mediating this association is also unclear. We explored the associations between respiratory symptoms, lung function, and gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms in a birth cohort of approximately 1000 individuals. METHODS In...

In this study, a short method for the design of reactive distillation is presented. The method is based on distillation lines and tray-by-tray calculations, and a new strategy is suggested to locate the reflux ratio, the number of stages, and feed tray. The material balances are solved from the outside (top and bottom) to the inside of the distillation column (feed), to ensure that the product ...

−To obtain highly purified naphthalene, a column crystallizer was employed and operated in the continuous multistage countercurrent fractional mode. The principles and characteristics of the process are introduced. A large amount of experimental work has been done on the crystallization process in a D=50 mm×1,350 mm column. The effects of operation conditions including the composition of feed, ...

BACKGROUND It has been suggested that disturbed activity of the autonomic nervous system is one of the factors involved in gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in adults. We sought to establish whether transient ANS dysfunction (as assessed by heart rate variability) is associated with the occurrence of GER events in neonates during sleep and wakefulness. METHODS Nineteen neonates with suspected GER...

Aim: Urinary reflux is a probable reason of nephrolithiasis among children. This study aimed to assess the relationship between urinary reflux and other reason of stone formation in children.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out with 199 children diagnosed with nephrolithiasis using ultrasonography. They were hospitalized in a referral children hospital in an urban area of in Iran...

OBJECTIVE We undertook this cross-sectional study to investigate the distribution of venous reflux and effect of axial reflux in superficial and deep veins and to determine the clinical value of quantifying peak reverse flow velocity and reflux time in limbs with chronic venous disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS Four hundred one legs (127 with skin changes, 274 without skin changes) in 272 patient...

HMCM-22 with a Si:Al molar ratio of 15:1 has been shown to effectively catalyze the synthesis of acetals with 100% selectivity by the reaction of aldehydes with methanol under reflux conditions. Platelet HMCM-22 particles were prepared by the static strategy and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), BET tech...

Effective parameters that can effect on the performance of the separation system consist of operating pressure, operating temperature, reflux ratio, and kind of produce desirable products and different sequences of splits. As take a separation system with optimal performance is dependent on optimization of above mentioned effective parameters. In generally, there are two criteria (as object fun...

HMCM-22 with a Si:Al molar ratio of 15:1 has been shown to effectively catalyze the synthesis of acetals with 100% selectivity by the reaction of aldehydes with methanol under reflux conditions. Platelet HMCM-22 particles were prepared by the static strategy and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), BET tech...