The origin of highest energy cosmic rays is yet unknown. An appealing possibility is the so-called Z-burst scenario, in which a large fraction of these cosmic rays are decay products of Z bosons produced in the scattering of ultrahigh energy neutrinos on cosmological relic neutrinos. The comparison between the observed and predicted spectra constrains the mass of the heaviest neutrino. The requ...

A new class of scale free solutions to linear ordinary differential equations and the universality of the Golden Mean Abstract A new class of finitely differentiable scale free solutions to the simplest class of ordinary differential equations is presented. Consequently, the real number set gets replaced by an extended physical set, each element of which is endowed with an equivalence class of ...

Aggressive behavior is thought to divide into two motivational elements: The first being a self-defensively motivated aggression against threat and a second, hedonically motivated "appetitive" aggression. Appetitive aggression is the less understood of the two, often only researched within abnormal psychology. Our approach is to understand it as a universal and adaptive response, and examine th...

Much like ordinary natural languages, most of the mathematical notation we have today has grown up over a long period of time by a kind of natural selection. Occasionally explicit efforts to systematize the notation have been made—though they have been remarkably few and far between. In the late 1600s, Leibniz, for example, was quite concerned with mathematical notation—seeing it as an opportun...

Resistive behaviors at nonzero temperatures (T > 0) reflecting a quantum vortex-glass (VG) transition (the so-called field-tuned superconductor-insulator transition at T = 0) are studied based on a quantum Ginzburg-Landau (GL) action for a s-wave pairing case containing microscopic details. The ordinary dissipative dynamics of the pair-field is assumed on the basis of a consistency between the ...

We give a unified interpretation of confluences, contiguity relations and Katz’s middle convolutions for linear ordinary differential equations with polynomial coefficients and their generalization to partial differential equations. The integral representations and series expansions of their solutions are also within our interpretation. As an application to Fuchsian differential equations on th...

Three-dimensional bond or site percolation theory on a lattice can be interpreted as a gauge theory in which the Wilson loops are viewed as counters of topological linking with random clusters. Beyond the percolation threshold large Wilson loops decay with an area law and show the universal shape effects due to flux tube quantum fluctuations like in ordinary confining gauge theories. Wilson loo...

in responses to norheim’s editorial, this commentary offers reflections from thailand, how the five unacceptable trade-offs were applied to the universal health coverage (uhc) reforms between 1975 and 2002 when the whole 64 million people were covered by one of the three public health insurance systems. this commentary aims to generate global discussions on how best uhc can be gradually achieve...